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What were the origins of environmental planning and management?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What were the origins of environmental planning and management?
Environmental planning had somewhat bipolar roots in science (nature conservation) and business 
administration (urban development). There are few urban ecologists, or professionals trained to 
address the complex interface between humans and nature, let alone between cities and regions.
While environmental planners applied their concepts and methods to nature (not cities), urban 
planners applied their concepts and methods to cities (not nature). Environmental planners dealt 
with how downstream ecosystems respond to changing human pressures, not how cities caused 
them. City planners dealt with social – not ecological – carrying capacity. As a new profession, 
environmental management was concerned with being rigorous, objective, scientific and strategic 
(ie professional). So when addressing new ecological issues, environmental managers applied the 
available ‘scientific’ tools and frameworks for predicting risks. The scientific process is predictive, 
as hypotheses need to be created and tested or disproven.
2
Therefore, much effort in environmental 
management went into predicting and modelling nature, to estimate ecological thresholds and 
extinction rates. Improving our predictions of the risks of imminent disaster did not slow the rate 
of decline, however. The protection, restoration and expansion of the remaining life-support system 
was left to conservation authorities. In the urban planning context, many tools for prediction could 
really just ‘project’ past trends. Planners anticipated whether we needed more apartments or fewer 
schools or private dwellings by tracking population growth and demographic patterns (ie human 
behaviour). They tended to choose strategies for accommodating growth with the least damage to 
current systems and interests. This owes partly to the fact that some influential models of urban 
decision-making were borrowed from those of business administration and operations research, 
which drew, in turn, upon military strategy. Business and military strategy is about anticipating risks 
and making choices among competing interests. So, to cut a long story short, urban decision theories 
that underlie our planning and policymaking tools evolved to distinguish and compare options or 
pathways, so we can choose between them.

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