Theory of Translation 1 Introduction



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08 chapter 2

2.7.3 Roman Jacobson 
Roman Jacobson divides translation into three kinds on linguistic basis. First, 
intralingual translation, where an interpretation of verbal signs by means of the other 
signs in the same linguistic system is carried out. Second, interlingual translation in 
which interpretation of verbal signs takes place by means of the verbal signs in some 
other linguistic system. Third, intersemiotic translation, where interpretation of verbal 
signs is carried out by means of the signs of non-verbal sign systems (114). 
In intralingual translation, synonymous words from the same linguistic system are 
used. However, no full equivalence can be attained even in the same linguistic system. 
Jacobson explains in this regard: “Every celibate is a bachelor, but not every bachelor 
is a celibate”. A word or an idiomatic phrase word may be fully interpreted only by 
means of an equivalent combination of code units; i.e. a message referring to this 
code-unit: “Every bachelor is an unmarried man and every unmarried man is a 
bachelor”, or “Every celibate is bound not to marry, and everyone who is bound not to 
marry is a celibate” (114). Jacobson, thus, proves that in intralingual translation also, 
there is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units while messages may serve 
as adequate interpretation of alien code units or messages. 


39 
As total equivalence is unattainable, Jacobson affirms that “all poetic art is technically 
untranslatable” (114). The translator decodes and re-encodes; and loss of meaning 
occurs in this process. The translator tries to compensate the loss by adding 
something. It is called ‘padding’ which is inevitable in the process of translation. It 
brings in clarity of meaning to the SL text. It may be regarded as ‘gain’ in translation. 
The rhetorical or the poetic language in literary text creates numerous problems for a 
translator as he has to create an appropriate degree of rhetorical or poetic effects in the 
TL text. As the present study incorporates the comparative analysis of literary texts
the related concepts are discussed here in brief. 

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