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Introduction: Welcome to Willpower 101
Page 1—Willpower survey:
2010 American Psychological Association. “Americans Report
Willpower and Stress as Key Obstacles to Meeting Health-Related Resolutions.” National U.S.
survey conducted by Harris Interactive, 3/2–3/4/2010.
Page 4—People who think they have a lot of self-control don’t:
Nordgren, L. F., F. van
Harreveld, and J. van der Pligt. “The Restraint Bias: How the Illusion of Self-Restraint Promotes
Impulsive Behavior.”
Psychological Science
20 (2009): 1523–28. See also Saito, H., Y. Kimura, S.
Tashima, N. Takao, A. Nakagawa, T. Baba, and S. Sato. “Psychological Factors That Promote
Behavior Modification by Obese Patients.”
BioPsychoSocial Medicine
3 (2009): 9.
Chapter 1. I Will, I Won’t, I Want:
What Willpower Is, and Why It Matters
Page 11—How social complexity led to brain evolution:
Dunbar, R. I. M. “The Social Brain:
Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspective.”
Annual Review of Anthropology
32
(2003): 163–81. See also Dunbar, R. I. M., and S. Shultz. “Evolution in the Social Brain.”
Science
317 (2007): 1344–47.
Page 12—The benefits of self-control:
Tangney, J. P., R. F. Baumeister, and A. L. Boone. “High
Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success.”
Journal of Personality
72 (2004): 271–324. See also Kern, M. L., and H. S. Friedman. “Do
Conscientious Individuals Live Longer? A Quantitative Review.”
Health Psychology
27 (2008):
505–12.
Page 12—Self-control and academic success:
Duckworth, A. L., and M. E. Seligman. “Self-
Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents.”
Psychological Science
16 (2005): 939–44.
Page 12—Self-control and leadership:
Kirkpatrick, S. A., and E. A. Locke. “Leadership: Do
Traits Matter?”
Academy of Management Executive
5 (1991): 48–60.
Page 12—Self-control and marriage:
Tucker, J. S., N. R. Kressin, A. Spiro, and J. Ruscio.
“Intrapersonal Characteristics and the Timing of Divorce: A Prospective Investigation.”
Journal of
Social and Personal Relationships
15 (1998): 211–25.
Page 13—The prefrontal cortex makes us want to do the harder things:
Sapolsky, R. M. “The
Frontal Cortex and the Criminal Justice System.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London. Series B, Biological Sciences
359 (2004): 1787–96.
Page 14—Specialization of different regions of the prefrontal cortex:
Suchy, Y. “Executive
Functioning: Overview, Assessment, and Research Issues for Non-Neuropsychologists.”
Annals of
Behavioral Medicine
37 (2009): 106–16.
Page 14—Details about the case of Phineas Gage:
Macmillan, M. “Restoring Phineas Gage: A
150th Retrospective.”
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives
9 (2000): 46–66.
Page 15—Original case report by Gage’s doctor:
Harlow, J. M. “Passage of an Iron Rod through
the Head.”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
39 (1848): 389–93.
Page 16—How the human brain evolved:
Cohen, J. D. “The Vulcanization of the Human Brain: A
Neural Perspective on Interactions Between Cognition and Emotion.”
Journal of Economic
Perspectives
19 (2005): 3–24.
Pages 17–18—The problem of two minds:
Cohen, J. D. “Neural Perspective on Cognitive Control
and the Multiplicity of Selves” (Invited Address at the Annual Meeting of the American
Psychological Association, San Diego, California, August 13, 2010).
Page 19—Case of no fear:
Anson, J. A., and D. T. Kuhlman. “Post-Ictal Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
after Temporal Lobectomy.”
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
56 (1993): 311–13.
Page 18—How pain prevents spending:
Knutson, B., S. Rick, G. E. Wimmer, D. Prelec, and G.
Loewenstein. “Neural Predictors of Purchases.”
Neuron
53 (2007): 147–56.
Page 20—Food choices:
Wansink, B., and J. Sobal. “Mindless Eating.”
Environment and
Behavior
39 (2007): 106–23.
Page 21—Distraction and impulsive choices:
Shiv, B., and A. Fedorikhin. “Heart and Mind in
Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making.”
Journal of
Consumer Research
26 (1999): 278–92. See also Shiv, B., and S. M. Nowlis. “The Effect of
Distractions While Tasting a Food Sample: The Interplay of Informational and Affective Components
in Subsequent Choice.”
Journal of Consumer Research
31 (2004): 599–608.
Page 24—Juggling changes the brain:
Taubert, M., B. Draganski, A. Anwander, K. Muller, A.
Horstmann, A. Villringer, and P. Ragert. “Dynamic Properties of Human Brain Structure: Learning-
Related Changes in Cortical Areas and Associated Fiber Connections.”
Journal of Neuroscience
30
(2010): 11670–77.
Page 24—Memory games change the brain:
Takeuchi, H., A. Sekiguchi, Y. Taki, S. Yokoyama, Y.
Yomogida, N. Komuro, T. Yamanouchi, S. Suzuki, and R. Kawashima. “Training of Working Memory
Impacts Structural Connectivity.”
Journal of Neuroscience
30 (2010): 3297–303.
Page 24—Benefits of meditation:
Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., A. Lutz, H. S. Schaefer, D. B.
Levinson, and R. J. Davidson. “Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise in Long-Term Meditation
Practitioners.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104 (2007): 11483–88. See also
Baron Short, E., S. Kose, Q. Mu, J. Borckardt, A. Newberg, M. S. George, and F. A. Kozel.
“Regional Brain Activation During Meditation Shows Time and Practice Effects: An Exploratory
fMRI Study.”
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
7 (2007): 121–27. See also
Moore, A., and P. Malinowski. “Meditation, Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility.”
Consciousness
and Cognition
18 (2009): 176–86.
Pages 24–25—Meditation and the brain:
Luders, E., A. W. Toga, N. Lepore, and C. Gaser. “The
Underlying Anatomical Correlates of Long-Term Meditation: Larger Hippocampal and Frontal
Volumes of Gray Matter.”
Neuroimage
45 (2009): 672–78. See also Holzel, B. K., U. Ott, T. Gard, H.
Hempel, M. Weygandt, K. Morgen, and D. Vaitl. “Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation
Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry.”
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
3
(2008): 55–61. See also Lazar, S. W., C. E. Kerr, R. H. Wasserman, J. R. Gray, D. N. Greve, M. T.
Treadway, M. McGarvey, et al. “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical
Thickness.”
NeuroReport
16 (2005): 1893–97. See also Pagnoni, G., and M. Cekic. “Age Effects on
Gray Matter Volume and Attentional Performance in Zen Meditation.”
Neurobiology of Aging
28
(2007): 1623–27.
P
age 27—Meditation and self-control:
Tang, Y. Y., Q. Lu, X. Geng, E. A. Stein, Y. Yang, and M. I.
Posner. “Short-Term Meditation Induces White Matter Changes in the Anterior Cingulate.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107 (2010): 15649–52.
Page 27—Meditation and self-awareness:
Holzel, B. K., J. Carmody, M. Vangel, C. Congleton, S.
M. Yerramsetti, T. Gard, and S. W. Lazar. “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain
Gray Matter Density.”
Psychiatry Research
191 (2011): 36–43.
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