The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do To Get More of It

Chapter 8. Infected! Why Willpower Is Contagious
Pages 184–185—Air Force fitness study:
Carrell, S. E., M. Hoekstra, and J. E. West. “Is Poor
Fitness Contagious? Evidence from Randomly Assigned Friends.” Working Paper 16518, National
Bureau of Economic Research (2010).
Page 185—Obesity rates in the U.S.:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics,
www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html#State
.
Pages 185–186—Contagion of obesity:
Christakis, N. A., and J. H. Fowler. “The Spread of
Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years.” 
New England Journal of Medicine
357 (2007):
370–79.
Page 186—Social contagion studies:
Fowler, J. H., and N. A. Christakis. “Estimating Peer Effects
on Health in Social Networks: A Response to Cohen-Cole and Fletcher; and Trogdon, Nonnemaker,
and Pais.” 
Journal of Health Economics
27 (2008): 1400–05. See also Rosenquist, J. N., J.
Murabito, J. H. Fowler, and N. A. Christakis. “The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a
Large Social Network.” 
Annals of Internal Medicine
152 (2010): 426–33. See also Christakis, N.
A., and J. H. Fowler. “The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network.” 
New
England Journal of Medicine
358 (2008): 2249–58. See also Mednick, S. C., N. A. Christakis, and
J. H. Fowler. “The Spread of Sleep Loss Influences Drug Use in Adolescent Social Networks.” 
PLoS
ONE
5 (2010): e9775. See also Rosenquist, J. N., J. H. Fowler, and N. A. Christakis. “Social
Network Determinants of Depression.” 
Molecular Psychiatry
(2010): Online advance publication.
Page 187—Mirror neurons:
Cattaneo, L., and G. Rizzolatti. “The Mirror Neuron System.”
Archives of Neurology
66 (2009): 557–60.
Pages 187–188—Pain anticipation and empathy:
Avenanti, A., A. Sirigu, and S. M. Aglioti.
“Racial Bias Reduces Empathic Sensorimotor Resonance with Other-Race Pain.” 
Current Biology
20 (2010): 1018–22.
Page 188—Seeing smokers on screen:
Wagner, D. D., S. Dal Cin, J. D. Sargent, W. M. Kelley, and
T. F. Heatherton. “Spontaneous Action Representation in Smokers When Watching Movie Characters
Smoke.” 
Journal of Neuroscience
31 (2011): 894–98.
Page 189—Emotions spread to others in social networks:
Fowler, J. H., and N. A. Christakis.
“Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network: Longitudinal Analysis over 20 Years in
the Framingham Heart Study.” 
BMJ
337 (2008): a2338. See also Cacioppo, J. T., J. H. Fowler, and
N. A. Christakis. “Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social
Network.” 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
97 (2009): 977–91.
Page 190—Goal contagion:
Aarts, H., P. M. Gollwitzer, and R. R. Hassin. “Goal Contagion:
Perceiving Is for Pursuing.” 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
87 (2004): 23–37. See
also Pontus Leander, N., J. Y. Shah, and T. L. Chartrand. “Moments of Weakness: The Implicit Context
Dependencies of Temptations.” 
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
35 (2009): 853–66.
Page 192—A self-control immune response:
Fishbach, A., and Y. Trope. “Implicit and Explicit
Mechanisms of Counteractive Self-Control.” In Shah, James Y., and W. Gardner, eds., 
Handbook of
Motivation Science
, eds. James Y. Shah and W. Gardner. New York: Guilford, 2007.
Page 192—Rule-breaking is contagious:
Keizer, K., S. Lindenberg, and L. Steg. “The Spreading
of Disorder.” 
Science
322 (2008): 1681–85.