THE PHENOMENON INVESTIGATED
Pursuing our predominant theme of the translator as communicator, and in an
attempt to contribute to the form-meaning or expression-function debate which
has been present in translation studies since antiquity, this chapter focuses on the
translation of the sacred and sensitive text. With this global aim in mind, the
textual phenomenon tackled here is one which is well-known in the rhetoric of a
number of languages and which essentially involves a reference switch from
one ‘normal’ (i.e. expected) syntactic, semantic or rhetorical mode to another.
Within syntax, the switch may involve one of several linguistic systems,
including pronominal reference, tense, definiteness, number and gender. We
shall in this chapter take Qur’anic discourse in English translation as our main
sample and supplement this with other examples drawn from the Bible and
religious poetry. We have chosen this theme and the sample to be analysed in
order to bring out the relevance to the translator of the way rules regulating
patterns of usage may be systematically defied for rhetorical effect. When this
happens, a translation problem invariably occurs.
In the rhetoric of a number of languages, including Arabic, switching involves
a sudden and unexpected shift from the use of one form (a particular tense or
pronominal reference) to another form within the same set. In the area of
pronominal reference, this may be illustrated by the switch from the first person,
which may be the norm and therefore the expected option in a given co-text, to
the second person, which in that co-text constitutes a departure from the norm.
Let us consider the following Qur’anic verse:
For what cause should I not serve Him who has created me, and to whom
you will be brought back?
(Yosin, verse 22)
Expectations regarding the form of pronominal reference set up by the co-text in
this utterance make the first person (I, me) a likely choice throughout. Suddenly,
however, the pronominal reference is shifted to the second person in you will be.
This constitutes a flouting of a norm or convention which expects that
consistency of reference will be maintained almost by default. Similar shifts of
reference can occur in the area of tenses (e.g. from an expected past tense to an
unexpected present tense or vice-versa), in number (e.g. singular instead of
plural), and/or in gender (e.g. masculine to feminine). From the perspective of
the translator, what is perhaps particularly significant in this area of language use
is the motivation behind such departures, the functions served by them and the
compensation strategies which would have to be adopted in languages whose
rhetorical systems do not share this phenomenon, in order to rectify the likely
communicative loss.
94 THE TRANSLATOR AS COMMUNICATOR
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