Concrete Operations (7–11 Years)
This stage marks the onset of genuine logical problem solving. The
Concrete Operations child understands that objects can be arranged in
a graduated continuum (e.g., from tallest to shortest), a skill known
as
seriation
, and that objects can be classified according to different
criteria. This latter skill allows for the emergence of conservation skills.
Perhaps most dramatically, the child who has achieved Concrete
Operations can take others’ perspectives, a skill known as
decentration
.
This child understands that others have a different physical perspective
on an event, as when an experimenter sits across a table and the two
view objects between them from different angles. This is the foundation
of the social skill of empathy.
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