Chapter 3
Cognitive Development
51
Machado, 1996, p. 143). This suggests that Piaget’s work likely fulfills
standards under both
Frye
(common acceptance) and the
Daubert
Tril-
ogy (publication in peer-reviewed journals), which were introduced in
chapter 2.
But is Piaget falsifiable? That is, can the assertion that a child has
attained formal operations, for example, be disproven? Perhaps. Because
Piaget’s stages are defined as sequential and qualitatively different, the
likelihood of false positives (that is, erroneously crediting a child with
greater maturity than he or she has actually attained) is very low.
5
However, the problem with developmental assessment in any context
is the likelihood of underestimating capacity due to limitations of the
child’s motivation, attention, compliance, language and/or anxiety,
thereby yielding a false negative outcome.
This is, in fact, the case with many of Piaget’s specific tasks. Although
subsequent research has largely confirmed his stages and their sequence,
the ages that he assigned have varied with various experimental proce-
dures. McGarrigle and Donaldson (1975; see also Dockrell, Campbell, &
Nielson, 1980), find that implicit experimenter expectations routinely
create false negative findings, suggesting that conservation of number
appears much earlier than Piaget had suggested. Other similar findings
(Winer, Hemphill, & Craig, 1988; Miller & Baillargeon, 1990) suggest
generally that the ages associated with Piaget’s stages are less important
than the conceptual milestones that he identifies and their sequence.
Despite this concern regarding falsifiability and its potential implica-
tions for admissibility under
Daubert
, Piagetian theory is often invoked
in child-centered forensic process. Lamb and Kelly (2001) cite Piaget
in support of arguments both for and against infant overnights with
noncustodial caregivers (see chapter 9). Walker (2002) bases recom-
mendations concerning children’s participation in abuse evaluations on
cognitive capacities as defined by Piaget.
6
The developmental capacity
to lie as it bears on children’s testimony is discussed in Piagetian terms
by Ford (2008) and again, independently, in
The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts v. Cheryl Amirault LeFave
(SJC-07529).
Piaget has been invoked, as well, in
amicus curaie
briefs heard before
the United States Supreme Court with regard to adolescents’ ability
to make well-informed and independent political decisions (Professor
David Moshman in the Supreme Court of the United States,
Federal
Election Commission, et al. v. Senator Mitch McConnell, et al
.) and in
favor of enrollment diversity in higher education institutions (American
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