Chapter 16
Alienation, Estrangement, and Alignment
277
3. In this regard, note the similarity between alienation and the compatible
dynamics of infantilization, parentification, and adultification described
elsewhere in this book.
4. A bibliography of Gardner’s relevant work is available at http://
www.rgardner.com/
5. “Parental Alienation Syndrome” is often discussed in the literature and
on the Internet in concert with “Malicious Mother Syndrome” (a.k.a,
“Divorce-Related Malicious Parent Syndrome”; see Turkat, 1995), some-
times equated with “Hostile Aggressive Parenting” and other times juxta-
posed to “Maternal Alienation Syndrome” (Morris, 2004). None of these
are recognized diagnoses, meet the criteria for being considered syn-
dromes, or fulfill the requirements under
Daubert
.
6. Noting that Gardner claims that PAS has met
Frye
standards (or the
comparable
Mohan
standard in Canada) in
Kilgore v. Boyd
(13th Circuit
Court, Hillsborough County, FL, Case No. 94-7573, 733 So. 2d 546; Fla.
2d DCA 2000; Jan 30, 2001);
Bates v. Bates
(18th Judicial Circuit, Dupage
County, IL, Case No. 99D958, Jan 17, 2002); and
Her Majesty the Queen
vs. K.C. Superior Court of Justice
(Ontario, County of Durham, Central-
East Region, Court File No. 9520/01. August, 9, 2002). Gardner further
cites more than 50 cases through 2005 across 22 states, more than 20
cases across Canada, and additional cases spanning Europe. See http://
www.rgardner.com/ retrieved March 9, 2009.
7. Gardner originally explained that angry mothers alienate children from
fathers, but subsequently (2001) allowed that parents of either gender
could and do alienate their children from the other. Nevertheless, Gardner
reads to this author as if he returns to this “gender specificity” subse-
quently (2002).
8. By contrast, Gardner’s self-published reports of nonrandom samples fail
to test the null hypothesis; that is, he proceeds in a manner that can only
confirm his hypothesis. Baker (2007) publishes compelling but unscientific
anecdotal restrospective accounts which have been criticized as an “excel-
lent example of pseudoscience” (Venzke, 2007).
9. This landmark study is discussed in detail at: http://www.age-of-the-
sage.org/psychology/social/sherif_robbers_cave_experiment.html and
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Sherif/ (each retrieved March 9, 2009).
10. Professionals who look
within
the child but fail to understand the dynam-
ics that
surround
the child may be particularly prone to misdiagnose
children who live in chaos and conflict with attention–deficit (hyperactiv-
ity) disorder (ADD or ADHD; Garber, 2001).
11. For example, see the New Hampshire Board of Mental Health Practice’s
interpretation
of
relevant
laws
at
http://www.nh.gov/mhpb/
joint_custody.html (retrieved March 9, 2009).
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