Chapter 15
Psychological Assessment and Diagnosis
257
instrument in the psychologist’s arsenal (Ben-Porath, Graham, Hall,
Hirschman, & Zaragoza, 1995; Bow, Flens, et al., 2006; Butcher, Gra-
ham, Ben-Porath, Tellegen, & Dahlstrom, 2001; Butcher & Williams,
2009; Pope, Butcher, & Seelen, 2000).
11
The MMPI-2 is a 567-item,
true/false test that can take up to two hours to complete.
12
Despite its
reputation as an endurance test, it is by far the preferred and most
frequently administered instrument in the context of family law matters
(Cashel, 2002; Emery, Otto, & O’Donahue, 2005). Otto and colleagues
(2000) report between 70 and 92% of custody evaluators use the MMPI.
In addition to being an empirically derived, structured instrument,
the MMPI has separate clinical and forensic normative scales. Unlike
other instruments borrowed from clinical use and scored against clinical
norms, this allows the MMPI-2 to account for the typical and expectable
experiences of the population of family law litigants. Thus, whereas a
high degree of defensiveness may be suggestive of pathology in a clinical
sample, the same high degree of defensiveness is understood to be
common to the point of normative among custody litigants (Wake-
field & Underwager, 1993; cf., Bagby, Nicholson, Buis, Radovanovic, &
Fidler, 1999). Graham (1988) is famously quoted as wondering if a
custody litigant whose MMPI does
not
have a high defensiveness scale
is perhaps not genuinely invested in winning his or her child’s custody.
For all of its impressive psychometric qualities, for all of its genuine
value in many other applications, and for all of its tremendous popularity
in family law matters, the criterion validity problem applies here, as
well. There is no MMPI profile associated with “good” parenting, that
allows comparison between two adults’ caregiving, or that speaks to
whether a child should be removed from or returned to a specific adult
(Posthuma, 2003). In practice, MMPI profiles cannot speak to family
law matters
per se
. They can and do provide an empically sound profile
of the test-taker’s personality characteristics, but this profile must then
be interpreted through some subjective (and usually unstated) filter
for its relevance to the family law matter at hand.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Third Edition (MCMI-III)
The MCMI-III is a 175-item, true/false, empirically derived instrument
intended to diagnose psychopathology in adults. Despite concerns about
construct validity (Erickson, Lilienfeld & Vitacco, 2007) and potential
gender bias (Erard, 2007), the instrument has received broad acceptance
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