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Part III
Topics in Separation, Visitation, and Reunification
(Satyanathan, 2002). With little exception, however, prisons and prison
policies are blind to the needs of the children of their inmates (Smyth &
Ferro, 2002; but see Costa, 2003). The difficulties associated with the
distance, time, and costs of visits, together with the unresolved emotions
about the parent’s arrest, the stigma,
10
the physical discomforts of vis-
iting in environments that are seldom child-friendly (Hairston, 2002;
Poehlmann, 2005c), as well as expensive and unpredictable telephone
access and interim caregivers’ efforts to undermine the child’s relation-
ship with the absent parent (Enos, 2001) can conspire to create both
an implicit double jeopardy for the adult—punishment for their crimes
and
loss of their children—and an entire class of children who are
punished for their parents’ mistakes. In fact, only about 10% of impris-
oned mothers see their children on a regular basis (Satyanathan, 2002)
and “more than half of incarcerated mothers do not receive any visits
from their children while they are in prison” (Simmons, 2000, p. 4).
This, despite the well-established finding that:
Studies of prisoners consistently show that those who maintain strong
family and friendship ties during imprisonment and assume responsible
marital and parental roles upon release have lower recidivism rates than
those who function without family ties, expectation and obligations. (Pim-
lott & Sarri, 2002, p. 27)
Satyanathan (2002) incisively identifies several ways in which the justice
system and the social service system fail to communicate, thereby doing
harm to the children of incarcerated parents. As one example, The
Federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 mandates
that social service agencies must commence permanency planning for
children held in foster care within 12 months, even though a woman’s
average period of incarceration is at least twice that. As a result, a
mother’s absence due to incarceration may be considered abandonment
and her parental rights terminated without proper notice or access to
legal counsel.
11
To add insult to injury, for those who do return from
prison to care for their children, The Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 precludes the three-quarters
of former prisoners who have been convicted on drug-related charges
from receiving Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF), thus contrib-
uting to the renewed cycle of extreme need, chaos, and instability.
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