Chapter 7
Developmental Asynchrony and De´calage
129
Figure 7.6
Developmental profile of a hypothetical child with (a) significant socioemo-
tional delays and (b) precocious socioemotional skills.
Social and Emotional Delay
Limited experience, psychopathology, trauma, and neurological anomo-
lies singly and in combination can contribute to delays of socioemotional
development. Experiential differences can result from cultural and reli-
130
Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
gious prohibitions atypical of the surrounding community, from inten-
tional neglect, or from undiagnosed sensory difference (e.g., deafness
27
).
Psychopathology (particularly in the form of social anxiety) and
aftershocks of trauma can further restrict a child’s social experience.
Genetic and neurological anomalies that impact a child’s behavior caus-
ing him or her to be ridiculed and/or to withdraw in anticipation of
social rejection can do the same. No matter the cause, the effect is the
same. This type of de´calage is illustrated in Figure 7.6a.
Much as linguistic, cognitive, and physical differences may contrib-
ute to conditions that can be associated with social and emotional delay,
the converse is less often the case. Social and emotional delays have no
empirically demonstrable impact on these other areas of development.
Nevertheless, we all know anecdotally at least about the risks that the
withdrawn, avoidant child is likely to face academically and later, occu-
pationally.
Consider the dilemma of the child with ADHD. He or she may be
intellectually, linguistically, and physically indistinguishable from his
(or her) peers, but by definition will appear less attentive, more impul-
sive, and demanding in the classroom. He may have greater difficulty
decentrating and recovering from upset in his peer group. As a result,
these kids “often have conflicts with adults and peers, and suffer from
unpopularity, rejection by peers, and a lack of friendships” (Nijmeijer
et al., 2008, p. 692). Although ADHD is diagnosed more often in boys
than in girls, the detrimental social impact of diagnosis is not at all
gender-specific (Ohan & Johnston, 2007). The good news is that these
effects appear to diminish with proper medication (Abikoff et al., 2007).
In like manner, but presumably for very different reasons, children
with autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and pervasive develop-
mental disorder (e.g., Asperger’s syndrome) tend to be socially and
emotionally delayed (Dunlop, Knott, & MacKay, 2008). From the earli-
est months of life, these children typically have difficulty making and
maintaining eye contact, may be minimally responsive to their name,
lack early pretend play, fail to imitate caregiver motor movements,
and quickly fall behind in both verbal and nonverbal communication.
Whereas children with fetal alcohol syndrome may be similarly delayed
and interpersonally inappropriate, fetal alcohol kids eagerly seek out
social interaction, whereas children with ASD shun it (Bishop, Gaha-
gan, & Lord, 2007).
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