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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
PRECOCIOUS AND DELAYED SOCIAL
AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Remember the 6-year-old who shakes your hand, looks you in the eye,
compliments you on your tie, and greets you by saying, “Good after-
noon. How are you today?”
By distinguishing between social skills and socioemotional maturity
(see chapter 5), we recognize that this pleasant and charming second-
grader may indeed be socially and emotionally mature, but is at least
equally likely to have been adultified, parentified, or explicitly coached
in advance of your interview. With this in mind, a discussion of socio-
emotional de´calage must look beneath the child’s charming veneer (or,
at the other extreme, beneath the child’s enraged and enraging armor)
to try to understand her genuine socioemotional capacities both in
comparison to her physical, cognitive, and linguistic development and
in comparison to her peers’ development. Using the concrete terms
defined in chapter 5, this means trying to assess a child’s attachment
security, emotional balance, impulse control, empathy, and capacity for
personal responsibility. Figures 7.6a and 7.6b illustrate this discussion.
Socioemotional development is particularly important to the extent
that peer group acceptance opens doors for further growth, increased
breadth of experience, and reinforcement of self-esteem,
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particularly
among girls (Thomas & Daubman, 2001), and particularly as adoles-
cence appraoches.. Thus, the child who fits in among her peers and
copes adequately with the stressors in her life will bootstrap her way
through development, making each new opportunity and invitation
into more of the same across the years. These children will be more
academically successful (Erath, Flanagan, & Bierman, 2008) and gener-
ally well adjusted (Waldrip, Malcolm, & Jensen-Campbell, 2008). As
one study concluded,
Children who had more positive experiences with peers in childcare had
better social and communicative skills with peers in third grade, were
more sociable and co-operative and less aggressive, had more close friends,
and were more accepted and popular. Children with more frequent nega-
tive experiences with peers in childcare were more aggressive in third
grade, had lower social and communicative skills, and reported having
fewer friends. (National Institute of Child Development, 2008b, p. 419)
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