Chapter III: Herodotus and His Successors
1.
William H. McNeill,
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human
Community
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 22, 27.
2.
Freya Stark, “Iraq,” in
Islam To-day
, edited by A. J. Arberry and
Rom Landau (London: Faber & Faber, 1943).
3.
Ibn Khaldun,
The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History
(1377),
translated by Franz Rosenthal, 1967 Princeton University Press
edition, pp. 133, 136, 140, 252; Robert D. Kaplan,
Mediterranean
Winter
(New York: Random House, 2004), p. 27.
4.
Georges Roux,
Ancient Iraq
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1964), pp.
267, 284, 297, 299.
5.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 32, 41–42, 46, 50, 64.
6.
James Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
(New York: E. P.
Dutton, 1917), pp. 26–27, 30, 32.
7.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 69, 71; Roux,
Ancient Iraq
, pp.
24–25.
8.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 167, 217, 243.
9.
Ibid., pp. 250, 484, 618.
10.
Ibid., p. 535.
11.
Arthur Helps, preface to 1991 abridged English-language edition
of Oswald Spengler,
The Decline of the West
(Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press).
12.
Ibid., p. 249.
13.
Oswald Spengler,
The Decline of the West
, translated by Charles
Francis Atkinson (New York: Knopf, 1962 [1918, 1922]), pp. 324,
345, 352.
14.
Ibid., pp. 177–78, 193–94, 353–54; Arnold J. Toynbee,
A Study of
History
, abridgement of vols. 7–10 by D. C. Somervell (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 144–45.
15. Ibid., pp. 451, 539.
16.
W. Gordon East,
The Geography Behind History
(New York:
Norton, 1967), p. 128.
17.
Arnold J. Toynbee,
A Study of History
, abridgement of vols. 1–6 by
D. C. Somervell (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 123,
237.
18.
Toynbee,
A Study of History
, vols. 1–6, pp. 146, 164–66; Jared
Diamond,
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
(New
York: Viking, 2005), pp. 79, 81, 106–7, 109, 119–20, 136–37, 157,
159, 172, 247, 276.
19.
By no means was Europe alone in this regard. For example,
Toynbee notes how the inhabitants of the Andean plateau were
challenged by a bleak climate and poor soil, even as the inhabitants of
the Pacific coast of South America were challenged by heat and
drought that necessitated irrigation works. The difference, though,
between Europe and South America, which Toynbee does not indicate,
is that Europe, with its natural deepwater ports, lay athwart many trade
and migration routes. Toynbee,
A Study of History
, vol. 1, p. 75.
20.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, pp. 565, 724.
21.
Ibid., p. 253.
22.
Ibid., pp. 722, 724.
23.
Ibid., p. 728.
24.
Robert Gilpin,
War and Change in World Politics
(New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1981).
25.
Morgenthau,
Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and
Peace
, revised by Kenneth W. Thompson and W. David Clinton (New
York: McGraw Hill, 2006), pp. 354–57.
26.
Ibid., p. 357.
27.
McNeill,
The Rise of the West
, p. 807.
28.
Ibid, p. 352.
29.
Toynbee,
A Study of History
, vols. 1–6, p. 284.
30.
Toynbee,
A Study of History
, vols. 7–10, p. 121.
31.
For examples of Eurocentric mapping conventions, see Jeremy
Black,
Maps and History
, pp. 60, 62.
32.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and
History in a World Civilization
, vol. 1:
The Classical Age of Islam
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 50, 56, 60–61, 109–
11.
33.
Ibid., pp. 114, 120–24, 133; Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture
of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization
, vol. 2:
The
Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods
(Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 65, 71.
34.
Hodgson,
The Classical Age of Islam
, pp. 154, 156, 158.
35.
Ibid., pp. 151, 204–6, 229.
36.
Toynbee,
A Study of History
, vols. 1–6, p. 271.
37.
Ibid., p. 268. The Abyssinian highlands were more inaccessible
still, and would remain under heavy Christian influence.
38.
Hodgson,
The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods
, pp. 54,
396, 400–401.
39.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and
History in a World Civilization
, vol. 3:
The Gunpowder Empires and
Modern Times
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 114,
116.
40.
All direct quotes are from David Grene’s 1987 University of
Chicago Press translation. I have also drawn on material from the
introductions to other translations by A. R. Burn and Tom Griffith.
41.
Boris Pasternak,
Doctor Zhivago
, translated by Max Hayward and
Manya Harari (New York: Pantheon, 1958), p. 43.
42.
Robert D. Kaplan, “A Historian for Our Time,”
The Atlantic
,
January/Februrary 2007.
43.
Hodgson,
The Classical Age of Islam
, p. 25.
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