Chapter XII: India’s Geographical Dilemma
1.
James Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
, p. 253.
2.
K. M. Panikkar,
Geographical Factors in Indian History
(Bombay:
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1954), p. 41. A limiting factor in the
importance of these rivers is that, as Panikkar writes, they “flow
through uplands and not valleys, and do not therefore spread their
fertilizing waters on the countryside” (p. 37).
3.
Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
, pp. 253–54.
4.
H. J. Mackinder,
Eight Lectures on India
(London: Visual
Instruction Committee of the Colonial Office, 1910), p. 114.
5.
Burton Stein,
A History of India
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), pp. 6–
7.
6.
Persian traveled to India as a literary language in the twelfth
century, with its formal role consolidated in the sixteenth.
7.
Panikkar,
Geographical Factors in Indian History
, p. 21.
8.
Nicholas Ostler,
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the
World
(New York: HarperCollins, 2005), p. 223.
9.
André Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol.
1:
Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th
Centuries
(Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 1996), Chapter 4.
10.
Stein,
A History of India
, pp. 75–76.
11.
Adam Watson,
The Evolution of International Society: A
Comparative Historical Analysis
(London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 78–
82.
12.
Stein,
A History of India
, p. 121.
13.
Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
, p. 261.
14.
Panikkar,
Geographical Factors in Indian History
, p. 43.
15.
Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
, p. 262.
16.
Robert D. Kaplan,
Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of
American Power
(New York: Random House, 2010), pp. 119, 121.
17.
Panikkar,
Geographical Factors in Indian History
, pp. 40, 44.
18.
Kaplan,
Monsoon
, pp. 122–23; John F. Richards,
The New
Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire
(New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 239, 242.
19.
Richard M. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier,
1204–1760
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. xxii–
xxiii, 313.
20.
George Friedman, “The Geopolitics of India: A Shifting, Self-
Contained World,” Stratfor, December 16, 2008.
21.
The geographical and cultural relationship between India and Iran
is almost equally close.
22.
The Punjab means “five rivers,” all tributaries of the Indus: the
Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej.
23.
André Wink,
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
, vol.
2:
The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries
(Leiden: Brill, 1997), pp. 1, 162; Muzaffar Alam,
The Crisis of Empire
in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707–1748
(New
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 11, 141, 143.
24.
Aitzaz Ahsan,
The Indus Saga and the Making of Pakistan
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 18.
25.
S. Frederick Starr and Andrew C. Kuchins, with Stephen Benson,
Elie Krakowski, Johannes Linn, and Thomas Sanderson, “The Key to
Success in Afghanistan: A Modern Silk Road Strategy,” Central Asia–
Caucasus Institute and the Center for Strategic and International
Studies, Washington, DC, 2010.
26.
Friedman, “The Geopolitics of India.”
27.
Fairgrieve,
Geography and World Power
, p. 253.
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