The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate pdfdrive com

Chapter XIV: The Former Ottoman Empire
1.
George Friedman, 
The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st
Century
(New York: Doubleday, 2009), p. 7.
2.
William Langer and Robert Blake, “The Rise of the Ottoman Turks
and Its Historical Background,” 
American Historical Review
, 1932;
Jakub J. Grygiel, 
Great Powers and Geopolitical Change
(Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 96.
3.
 Herbert Adams Gibbons, 
The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
(New York: Century, 1916); Grygiel, 
Great Powers and Geopolitical
Change
, pp. 96–97, 101.
4.
Dilip Hiro, 
Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
and Iran
(New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2009), p. 89; Dilip Hiro,
“The Islamic Wave Hits Turkey,” 
The Nation
, June 28, 1986.
5.
Hiro, 
Inside Central Asia
, pp. 85–86.
6.
Robert D. Kaplan, 
Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the
Middle East, and the Caucasus
(New York: Random House, 2000), p.
118.
7.
Samuel P. Huntington, 
The Clash of Civilizations and the
Remaking of World Order
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp.
85, 125, 177.
8.
 Erkan Turkmen, 
The Essence of Rumi’s Masnevi
(Konya, Turkey:
Misket, 1992), p. 73.
9.
 Marc Champion, “In Risky Deal, Ankara Seeks Security, Trade,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 18, 2010.
10.
Geoffrey Kemp and Robert E. Harkavy, 
Strategic Geography and
the Changing Middle East
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution
Press, 1997), p. 105.
11.
Freya Stark, 
Islam To-day
, edited by A. J. Arberry and Rom
Landau (London: Faber & Faber, 1943).
12.
Robert D. Kaplan, “Heirs of Sargons,” 
The National Interest
,
Washington, DC, July–August 2009.
13.
Georges Roux, 
Ancient Iraq
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1964).
14.
Adeed Dawisha, 
Iraq: A Political History from Independence to
Occupation
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 4.

---

15.
 Ibid., p. 5.
16.
 Ibid., pp. 286–87.
17.
 Philip K. Hitti, 
History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine
(New York: Macmillan, 1951), pp. 3–5.
18.
Nibraz Kazimi, “Move Assad: Could Jihadists Overthrow the
Syrian Government?,” 
New Republic
, June 25, 2010.
19. Michael Young, “On the Eastern Shore,” 
Wall Street Journal
, April
29, 2011.
20.
Franck Salameh, “Assad Dynasty Crumbles,” 
The National
Interest
, Washington, DC, April 27, 2011; see, too, Philip Mansel,
Levant
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011).
21.
 Unfortunately, despite the promise that Adonis’s poetry exudes, he
turned out to be a disappointment to demonstrators in the early days of
the Arab Spring, refusing to side completely with the opposition to
Bashar al-Assad. Nevertheless, his poetry still suggests an eclectic
Syria built on a confection of cultures. Robert F. Worth, “The Arab
Intellectuals Who Didn’t Roar,” 
New York Times
, October 30, 2011.
22.
 Robert D. Kaplan, 
Eastward to Tartary
, p. 186.
23.
 Benjamin Schwarz, “Will Israel Live to 100?,” 
The Atlantic
, May
2005.

---