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Chapter X: Russia and the Independent Heartland
1.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
August 1914
, translated by Michael
Glenny (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971, 1972), p. 3.
2.
Saul B. Cohen,
Geography and Politics in a World Divided
(New
York: Random House, 1963), p. 211.
3.
G. Patrick March,
Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North
Pacific
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996), p. 1.
4.
Philip Longworth,
Russia: The Once and Future Empire from
PreHistory to Putin
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), pp. 16–17.
5.
March,
Eastern Destiny
, pp. 4–5; W. Bruce Lincoln,
The Conquest
of
a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
(New York: Random House,
1994), p. xx, 2007 Cornell University Press edition.
6.
A Tatar is a Turkic-speaking Sunni Muslim of which there were
many in the Mongol armies, leading to the name being used
interchangeably with Mongol.
7.
March,
Eastern Destiny
, p. 18.
8.
James H. Billington,
The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History
of Russian Culture
(New York: Knopf, 1966), p. 11.
9.
Ibid., pp. 18–19, 26.
10.
Longworth,
Russia
, p. 1.
11.
Lincoln,
The Conquest of a Continent
, p. 19.
12.
Longworth,
Russia
, pp. 48, 52–53.
13.
Robert Strausz-Hupé,
The Zone of Indifference
(New York: G. P.
Putnam’s Sons, 1952), p. 88.
14.
Longworth,
Russia
, pp. 94–95; March,
Eastern Destiny
, p. 28.
15.
Robert D. Kaplan, introduction to
Taras Bulba
, translated by Peter
Constantine (New York: Modern Library, 2003).
16.
Alexander Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, translated by Constance
Garnett (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968, 1982), p. 97.
17.
Longworth,
Russia
, p. 200.
18.
Denis J. B. Shaw,
Russia in the Modern World: A New Geography
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 230–32.
19.
Ibid., pp. 5, 7; D. W. Meinig, “The Macrogeography of Western
Imperialism,” in
Settlement and Encounter
, edited by F. H. Gale and
G. H. Lawson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 213–40.
20.
Lincoln,
The Conquest of a Continent
, p. xix.
21.
Longworth,
Russia
, p. 322.
22.
Colin Thubron,
In Siberia
(New York: HarperCollins, 1999), pp.
99, 122.
23.
Lincoln,
The Conquest of a Continent
, p. 57.
24.
Ibid., pp. 89, 395.
25.
There is, too, the question of a warming Arctic, which would
unblock the ice-bound White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian
seas, to which all of Siberia’s mighty rivers flow, unleashing the
region’s economic potential.
26.
March,
Eastern Destiny
, pp. 51, 130.
27.
Simon Saradzhyan, “Russia’s Red Herring,” ISN Security Watch,
Zurich, May 25, 2010.
28. March,
Eastern Destiny
, p. 194.
29.
Shaw,
Russia in the Modern World
, p. 31.
30.
Soviet maps of Europe henceforth included all of European Russia,
a cartographic device which ensured that Moscow was not viewed as
an outsider. It also made Eastern European states appear more central,
with Soviet republics like Ukraine and Moldova becoming, in effect,
the new Eastern Europe. Jeremy Black,
Maps and History:
Constructing Images of the Past
(New Haven: Yale University Press,
2009), p. 151.
31.
Shaw,
Russia in the Modern World
, pp. 22–23.
32.
March,
Eastern Destiny
, pp. 237–38.
33.
Saradzhyan, “Russia’s Red Herring.”
34.
Zbigniew Brzezinski,
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy
and Its Geostrategic Imperative
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p.
98.
35.
John Erickson, “ ‘Russia Will Not Be Trifled With’: Geopolitical
Facts and Fantasies,” in
Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy
, edited
by Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp.
242–43, 262.
36.
Brzezinski,
The Grand Chessboard
, p. 110.
37.
Dmitri Trenin, “Russia Reborn: Reimagining Moscow’s Foreign
Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, New York, November–December 2009.
38.
Shaw,
Russia in the Modern World
, p. 248.
39.
Trenin, “Russia Reborn.”
40.
Paul Bracken,
Fire in the East: The Rise of Asian Military Power
and the Second Nuclear Age
(New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 17.
41.
W. H. Parker,
Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 157.
42.
Philip Stephens, “Putin’s Russia: Frozen in Decline,”
Financial
Times
, London, October 14, 2011.
43.
Paul Dibb, “The Bear Is Back,”
The American Interest
,
Washington, DC, November–December 2006.
44.
Brzezinski,
The Grand Chessboard
, p. 46.
45.
Richard B. Andres and Michael Kofman, “European Energy
Security: Reducing Volatility of Ukraine-Russia Natural Gas Pricing
Disputes,” National Defense University, Washington, DC, February
2011.
46.
Dibb, “The Bear Is Back.”
47. Martha Brill Olcott,
The Kazakhs
(Stanford: Hoover Institution
Press, 1987, 1995), pp. 57–58.
48.
Olivier Roy,
The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations
(New
York: New York University Press, 1997, 2000), pp. xiv–xvi, 8–9, 66–
69, 178.
49.
Andres and Kofman, “European Energy Security.”
50.
Olcott,
The Kazakhs
, p. 271.
51.
Dilip Hiro,
Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
and Iran
(New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2009), pp. 205, 281, 293.
52.
Martin C. Spechler and Dina R. Spechler, “Is Russia Succeeding in
Central Asia?,”
Orbis
, Philadelphia, Fall 2010.
53.
James Brooke, “China Displaces Russia in Central Asia,”
Voice of
America
, November 16, 2010.
54.
Olcott,
The Kazakhs
, p. 273.
55.
Hiro,
Inside Central Asia
, p. 262.
56.
Parker,
Mackinder
, p. 83.
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