The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate pdfdrive com

Chapter IV: The Eurasian Map
1.
Jakub J. Grygiel, 
Great Powers and Geopolitical Change
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), pp. 2, 24;
Mackubin Thomas Owens, “In Defense of Classical Geopolitics,”
Naval War College Review
, Newport, Rhode Island, Autumn 1999, pp.
60, 73; Saul B. Cohen, 
Geography and Politics in a World Divided
(New York: Random House, 1963), p. 29.
2.
Paul Kennedy, “The Pivot of History: The U.S. Needs to Blend
Democratic Ideals with Geopolitical Wisdom,” 
The Guardian
, June 19,
2004; Cohen, 
Geography and Politics in a World Divided
, p. xiii.
3.
 Zbigniew Brzezinski, 
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy
and Its Geostrategic Imperatives
(New York: Basic Books, 1997), p.
37.
4.
Hans J. Morgenthau, 
Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for
Power and Peace
, revised by Kenneth W. Thompson and W. David
Clinton (New York: McGraw Hill, 1948), pp. 170–71.
5.
 Halford J. Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in
Politics of Reconstruction
(Washington, DC: National Defense
University, 1919, 1942), p. 205; W. H. Parker, 
Mackinder: Geography
as an Aid to Statecraft
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), pp. 211–12.
6.
Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, p. 155.
7.
H. J. Mackinder, “On the Necessity of Thorough Teaching in
General Geography as a Preliminary to the Teaching of Commercial
Geography,” 
Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society
, 1890,
vol. 6; Parker, 
Mackinder
, pp. 95–96.
8.
H. J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” 
The
Geographical Journal
, London, April 1904, p. 422.
9.
Ibid., p. 421.
10.
Ibid., p. 422.
11.
Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, p. 72; James
Fairgrieve, 
Geography and World Power
, p. 103.
12.
The United States would know a similar fate, as World War II left
it virtually unscathed, even as the infrastructures of Europe, the Soviet
Union, China, and Japan were laid waste, granting America decades of
economic and political preeminence.

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13.
 Toynbee, 
A Study of History
, abridgement of vols. 7–10 by D. C.
Somervell (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 151, 168.
14.
 Geoffrey Sloan, “Sir Halford J. Mackinder: The Heartland Theory
Then and Now,” in 
Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy
, edited by
Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan (London: Frank Cass, 1999), p. 19.
15.
Kennedy, “The Pivot of History: The U.S. Needs to Blend
Democratic Ideals with Geopolitical Wisdom.”
16.
 Parker, 
Mackinder
, p. 154.
17.
Gerry Kearns, 
Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford
Mackinder
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 38.
18.
 Parker, 
Mackinder
, p. 121.
19.
Daniel J. Mahoney, “Three Decent Frenchmen,” 
The National
Interest
, Washington, Summer 1999; Franciszek Draus, 
History, Truth
and Liberty: Selected Writings of Raymond Aron
(Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1985).
20.
 Grygiel, 
Great Powers and Geopolitical Change
, p. 181; Raymond
Aron, 
Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations
(Garden
City: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 197–98.
21. Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, p. 2.
22.
 Ibid., p. 1.
23.
 Parker, 
Mackinder
, p. 160.
24.
 Ibid., p. 163.
25.
Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 24–25, 28, 32;
Parker, 
Mackinder
, 122–23; Fairgrieve, 
Geography and World Power
,
pp. 60–62.
26.
 Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 22, 38, 41, 46.
27.
 Ibid., pp. 46, 48.
28.
 Brzezinski, 
The Grand Chessboard
, p. 31.
29.
 Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 41–42, 47.
30.
 Ibid., p. xviii, from introduction by Stephen V. Mladineo.
31.
Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 95–99, 111–12,
115; Cohen, 
Geography and Politics in a World Divided
, pp. 85–86;
James Fairgrieve, 
Geography and World Power
(London: University
of London Press, 1915).
32.
 Sloan, “Sir Halford J. Mackinder: The Heartland Theory Then and
Now,” p. 31.
33.
Arthur Butler Dugan, “Mackinder and His Critics Reconsidered,”
The Journal of Politics
, May 1962.
34.
Brian W. Blouet, 
Halford Mackinder: A Biography
(College

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Station: Texas A & M Press, 1987), pp. 150–51.
35.
Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 55, 78; Cohen,
Geography and Politics in a World Divided
, pp. 42–44.
36.
 Mackinder, 
Democratic Ideals and Reality
, pp. 64–65.
37.
 Ibid., p. 116.
38.
 Ibid., pp. 74, 205.
39.
 Ibid., p. 201.

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