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CHAPTER I. THE PECULARITIES OF ENGLISH ROMANTICISM: TWO TRENDS-PROGRESSIVE AND REGRESSIVE.
1.1. The pecularities of english romanticism
Representatives of the "lake school" were the founders of Romanism in the West and the standard of the romantic method in literature.
The works of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey , Keats were able to give the world a new method in literature, which means a new vision of literature. These names have become classics and today their texts are an integral part of world literature.
Reminiscences and allusions from the work of lake poets can be found in our lyrics by such poets as Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Kozlov, Pleshcheev, Gumilyov, G. Ivanov, Balmont, Rozhdestvensky.
The works of A. Veselovsky, V. Zhirmunsky , M. Alekseev contain analyzes of the ballad genre of the first half of the 19th century.
It is significant that the poets of the second half of the 19th century Pleshcheev, Surikov, Grot, Min also engaged in free translations of the texts of the “lake school”.
Initially, interest in the ballads of the "lake school" was shown in the 30s of the 19th century. The lyrical hero, especially feeling reality and immersed in his thoughts, was very close to the attitude of the poets of the era of the Golden Age of Russian poetry.
A special place is occupied by S. Coleridge's poem "The Tale of the Old Sailor", rightfully considered one of the pinnacle achievements of the "lake school" Miller, Pushkarev, Korinfsky, Gumilyov - many poets turned to a free translation of this text. Suffering, infinity are the themes that attracted our poets in this legend.
We also meet the poetry of this school in the works of V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, I.I. Kozlov and M.Yu. Lermontov and in the epistolaries of N.A. Nekrasova, L.H. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov.
The motives of sin, fairy-tale worlds, parallelism with nature - all this was very close to the Russian poet.
Lake District, Grosmere Manor , family home of William Wordsworth (1770-1850), poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) lived nearby.
They met in the winter of 1796 and were inseparable for a long time: they spent several months together in Germany studying philosophy, together they conceived and published a collection of Lyrical Ballads (1798), to which Wordsworth wrote a preface. It became the manifesto of a new direction - romanticism.
The texts of these poets require a special perception, a special depth of understanding of the poet's words. This is due to a rather difficult syntactic structure, metaphors, and parallelism.
“Poetry is the art of conveying what we want to convey in such a way as to simultaneously express a thought and cause emotional excitement,” wrote S. Coleridge [4, 51].
The world can appear to us in different ways, this can be confirmed by art: music - each creator sees harmony, beauty in his own way.
According to these poets, poetry is what is truly immortal, in poetry the hero is always spiritualized, and wildlife is one boundless creature that helps a person and leads him forward.
The poet is the creator, chosen by the supreme creator, the poet leads everyone, revealing the highest meaning with poetry, the poet has a unique gift, he writes his revelations in verse.
Poetry is not a conventional language through which sublime themes are embodied, but a way to express direct lyrical experience.
Truth is an adequate reflection of the object by the cognizing subject, reproducing reality as it is in itself, outside and independently of consciousness. Truth is limited, because it reflects the object not entirely, but within certain limits, which are constantly changing and developing - this is what the texts of the “lake school” prove to us.
When the new direction was recognized, and the well-deserved fame came to its creators, they began to be called poets of the “lake school”. The romanticism of the poets of England is not only a literary trend, but also philosophical and aesthetic at the same time.
The third in this creative community is Robert Southey (1774-1843), who wrote many interesting ballads on the subjects of folklore and the history of England. Let us recall the free translation of our Pushkin " Madoc ":
... immersed in memories
About a glorious feat, then in dreams of hope,
That is in sad forebodings and fear.
We see here all the signs of romanticism as a method: mysticism, reticence. The text also attracts attention with a special compositional construction: it can be conditionally divided into two parts, inextricably linked in meaning and with the help of the effect of “framing” through the sounds of music.
Above all, the poets of the “lake school” valued naturalness in poetry and strove to make their poems unconstrained.
Misfortune as the imperfection of being, solitude and a sense of kinship with nature, tormenting spiritual rushes and impulses - many topics were autobiographical.
The poets of the "lake school" idealize antiquity, sing of patriarchal relations, nature, simple, natural feelings. The work of the poets of the "lake school" is imbued with Christian humility, they tend to appeal to the subconscious in man.
Conclusion.
The Lake School is the greatest phenomenon of English culture. The word of the poets of the "lake school" always includes spirituality, harmony.
In the poetry of the "lake school" are very important:
1. Symbols.
2. Mythological and folklore images.
3. Historical images.
4. The relationship of the chronotope with the reflection of the personality.
5. Parallelism.
Even during their lifetime, the works of the "lake school" became folk, their style organically grows out of the work of past years, from myths and folklore, from genuine folk poetry.
Lake poets, like the very nature of England, were distinguished by noble simplicity, wonderful sincerity, a unique combination of grace and masculinity (fields of flowers, lakes and mountains). The poets deeply felt their people, their soul, their history, their myth and religion. And for all that, they possessed that inspired freedom of the soul, which knows how to look for new paths.
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