The Navruz holiday in Uzbekistan is one of the most beloved



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The Navruz holiday in Uzbekistan is one of the most beloved12345678910

Samarkand 
Samarkand
, Uzbek 
Samarqand
, city in east-central 
Uzbekistan
 that is 
one of the oldest cities of 
Central Asia
. Known as Maracanda in the 4th 
century BCE, it was the capital of 
Sogdiana
 and was captured by 
Alexander 
the Great
 in 329 BCE. The city was later ruled by Central Asian Turks (6th 
century CE), the 
Arabs
 (8th century), the 
Sāmānids
 of 
Iran
 (9th–10th 
century), and various 
Turkic peoples
 (11th–13th century) before it 
was 
annexed
 by the 
Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty
 (early 13th century) and 
destroyed by the Mongol conqueror 
Genghis Khan
 (1220). After it revolted 
against its Mongol rulers (1365), Samarkand became the capital of the 
empire of 
Timur
 (Tamerlane), who made the city the most important 
economic and cultural centre in Central Asia. Samarkand was conquered 
by 
Uzbeks
 in 1500 and became part of the khanate of 
Bukhara
. By the 18th 
century it had declined, and from the 1720s to the 1770s it was uninhabited. 
Only after it became a provincial capital of the 
Russian Empire
 (1887) and a 
railroad centre did it recover economically. It was briefly (1924–36) the 
capital of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Samarkand today consists of 
an old city dating from 
medieval
 times and a new section built after the 
Russian conquest of the area in the 19th century. 
The old city’s plan has streets converging toward the centre from six gates 
in the 5-mile- (8-km-) long, 11th-century walls. The walls and gates were 
destroyed after the capture of the town by the Russians, but the plan of the 
medieval period is still preserved. The old city contains some of the finest 
monuments of Central Asian architecture from the 14th to the 20th 
century, including several buildings dating from the time when Samarkand 
was Timur’s capital city. Among the latter structures are the mosque of 
Bībī-Khānom (1399–1404), a building that was 
commissioned
 by Timur’s 
favourite Chinese wife, and Timur’s tomb itself, the 
Gūr-e 
Amīr
 mausoleum, built about 1405. To the second half of the 15th century 
belongs the Ak Saray tomb with a superb fresco of the interior. 
Rīgestān 
Square
, an impressive public square in the old city, is fronted by several 
madrasas (Islamic schools): that of Timur’s grandson, the 
astronomer 
Ulūgh Beg
 (1417–20), and those of Shirdar (1619–1635/36) and 
Tilakari (mid-17th century), which together border the square on three 
sides. Samarkand has several other mausoleums, madrasas, and mosques 
dating from the 15th to the 17th century, though they are not as impressive 
as the structures from Timur’s day. The principal features of Samarkand’s 
ancient buildings are their 
splendid
 portals, their vast coloured domes, and 


their remarkable exterior decorations in majolica, mosaic, marble, and 
gold. The historic city was designated a 
UNESCO
 
World Heritage site
 in 
2001. 
The newer, Russian section of Samarkand, construction of which began in 1871, 
expanded considerably during the Soviet period, and public buildings, houses, and 
parks were built. There are Uzbek and Russian theatres, a university (established 1933), 
and higher-educational institutions for agriculture, medicine, architecture, and trade. 
Samarkand derived its commercial importance in ancient and medieval 
times from its location at the junction of trade routes from China and 
India

With the arrival of the railway in 1888, Samarkand became an important 
centre for the export of wine, dried and fresh fruits, cotton, rice, silk, and 
leather. The city’s industry is now based primarily on agriculture, with 
cotton ginning, silk spinning and 
weaving
, fruit canning, and the 
production of wine, clothing, leather and footwear, and tobacco. The 
manufacture of tractor and automobile parts and cinema apparatus is also 
economically important. Pop. (2007 est.) 312,863. 

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