The Vision for Flexibility
Existential Flexibility is the capacity to initiate an extreme
disruption to a business model or strategic course in order to more
effectively advance a Just Cause. It is an infinite-minded player’s
appreciation for the unpredictable that allows them to make these
kinds of changes. Where a finite-minded player fears things that are
new or disruptive, the infinite-minded player revels in them. When
an infinite-minded leader with a clear sense of Cause looks to the
future and sees that the path they are on will significantly restrict
their ability to advance their Just Cause, they flex. Or, if that leader
discovers a new technology that is more likely to help them advance
their Cause going forward than the technology they are currently
using, they flex. Without that sense of infinite vision, strategic
shifts, even extreme ones, tend to be reactive or opportunistic.
Existential Flexibility is always offensive. It is not to be confused
with the defensive maneuvering many companies undergo to stay
alive in the face of new technology or changing consumer habits.
Many newspapers and magazines uprooted their business models
when they went digital, for example, not because they found a better
way to advance their Cause but because they were forced to make
the change in the face of a changing world. Though necessary to stay
alive, that kind of change rarely inspires the people inside the
organization or reignites their passions. An Existential Flex does.
Many start-ups are fueled more by an entrepreneur’s passion for
a vision than by resources they have to advance it. An Existential
Flex recreates that passion for something new at a time when the
company is already enjoying success. When Walt Disney started
over again with WED, he brought a group of people from the
original company who wanted to go on the new adventure with him
as if it were the first time. They were willing to share the risk, they
were willing to put in the hours, they were willing to do whatever
they had to do to make this new idea successful. They found
Disney’s enthusiasm infectious and were excited to, once again, do
things they never dreamed of. The Flex also rejuvenated Disney’s
own passion. “Dammit, I love it here!” he said of his new company.
An Existential Flex doesn’t happen at the founding of the
company, it happens when the company is fully formed and
functioning. To all the finite-minded observers, it is existential
because the leader is risking the apparent certainty of the current,
profitable path with the uncertainty of a new path—which could
lead to the company’s decline or even demise. To the finite-minded
player, such a move is not worth the risk. To infinite-minded
players, however, staying on the current path is the bigger risk. They
embrace the uncertainty. Failure to flex, they believe, will
significantly restrict their ability to advance the Cause. They fear
staying the course may even lead to the eventual demise of the
organization.
Again, the motivation for an infinite-minded player to Flex is to
advance the Cause, even if it disrupts the existing business model.
To the finite-minded player, the reason not to Flex is expressly to
protect the current business model, even if it undermines the
Cause. And if the company is the vehicle a leader uses to advance
their Cause, then making a dramatic shift in strategy to keep a
company going for a very long time, in one form or another, is also
of paramount importance in the Infinite Game.
Existential Flexibility is bigger than the normal day-to-day
flexibility required to run an organization. And we must not confuse
shiny-object syndrome with Existential Flexibility, either. There is a
whole category of frustrated employees around the world who work
for well-meaning, sometimes visionary leaders who, like a cat
reacting to a shiny object, want to chase every good idea they come
across with “This is it! We have to do this to advance the vision!”
When an Existential Flex happens, it is clear to all those who
believe in the Cause why it has to happen. And though they may not
enjoy the upheaval and short-term stress such a change may cause,
they all agree it is worth it and want to do it. Shiny-object syndrome,
in contrast, often leaves people flummoxed and exhausted rather
than inspired.
When a visionary leader makes an Existential Flex, to the outside
world it appears that they can predict the future. They can’t. They
do, however, operate with a clear and fixed vision of a future state
that does not yet exist—their Just Cause—and constantly scan for
ideas, opportunities or technologies that can help them advance
toward that vision. Alan Mulally used his business plan review
meetings at Ford to also look at what was happening in companies
beyond his traditional competitors. “It’s about always keeping an
eye on all the things that are going on and learning from that,” he
explained. Where a more finite-minded leader is also looking for
opportunities, their gaze tends to be within their industries, on the
balance sheet or toward the horizon. An infinite-minded leader with
a Just Cause looks outside their industry and miles beyond the
horizon—to a place that requires imagination to see. This was
certainly the case when Steve Jobs made an Existential Flex at
Apple in the early 1980s.
As I wrote about in the previous chapter, Apple had a very clear
sense of Cause. And the seeds of that Cause were sown long before
Apple was founded. Growing up in Northern California during the
Vietnam War, the company’s founders, Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak, were deeply mistrustful of the establishment. They loved
the idea of empowering individuals to stand up to Big Brother.
During the computer revolution of the 1970s, the two young
entrepreneurs saw the personal computer as the perfect tool for
individuals to challenge the status quo. They imagined a time in
which, thanks to the personal computer, individuals would have the
power to stand up to a corporation, maybe even compete with them.
After the launch of the Apple I and the Apple II, Apple was
already a highly successful company. They were working on their
next product iteration at the time when, in December 1979, Jobs and
a handful of his executives visited Xerox PARC, Xerox’s innovation
center in Palo Alto, California. While on the tour, the Apple
executives were shown one of the new technologies Xerox had
developed, called the “graphical user interface.” The graphical user
interface allowed people to use a computer without learning a
computer language like DOS. Instead, with GUI, users could, for the
first time, use a “mouse” to move the “cursor” on the screen to
“click” on visual “icons” and “folders” that were sitting on the
“desktop.” If the vision was to empower individuals, this one
innovation would make it possible for even more people to use
computers than could before.
After the Apple executives left Xerox PARC, Jobs shared his idea.
Apple had to change the course they were on. They had to invest in
GUI. One of the executives, attempting to be a voice of reason,
spoke up. “We can’t,” he said. He reminded Jobs that Apple had
already invested millions of dollars and countless man-hours on an
entirely different direction. Abandoning that work to ostensibly
build a new product from scratch would add significant strain on the
company. According to Apple folklore, the executive went on to say:
“Steve, if we invest in this, we will blow up our own company.” To
which Jobs replied, “Better we should blow it up than someone
else.”
A more finite-minded leader would be hard pressed to simply
walk away from an established strategic path, especially if it
included walking away from any significant time or money that had
already been invested or the promise of a performance bonus.
Despite the cost and the stress it would put on the company, to Jobs
an Existential Flex was Apple’s only option. The Just Cause directed
his choice, not the cost of the choice. And Apple’s employees agreed.
The people who loved working at Apple loved that Jobs pushed
them to do things that neither they nor anyone else had done
before. And with that, they set themselves on a path that in just four
years saw the introduction of the Macintosh. A computer operating
system that completely revolutionized personal computing. For the
first time, the personal computer really was easy enough for just
about anyone to use. Microsoft was forced to follow Apple’s lead.
Nearly four years after the introduction of the Mac, Microsoft
released Windows 2.0, the first version of Windows to look and feel
like the version many use today. It is software that was designed to
make a PC work like a Macintosh.
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