50
Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages & Employment of Black Workers
lose jobs to immigrants and their earnings are depressed by immigrants."
94
A 1998 study of
the New York area by Howell and Mueller found that a 10 percentage point increase in the
immigrant share of an occupation reduced wages of black men about five percentage points.
Given the large immigrant share of the occupations they studied, this implies a significant
impact on native-born blacks.
95
There certainly is a good deal of anecdotal evidence that employers often prefer immigrants,
particularly Hispanic and Asian immigrants, over native-born black Americans. A more
qualitative study by anthropologist Katherine Newman and Chauncy Lennon of fast food
jobs in Harlem, found that immigrants are much more likely to get hired than are native-born
black Americans.
96
Some studies have not found an impact on blacks from immigration. Most studies that have
found little or no impact are based on comparisons of labor market outcomes across cities
with different levels of immigrants. Part of the reason it is hard to estimate the effect of
immigration in this way is that we live in a national economy. The movement of capital,
labor, goods, and services tends to create wage and employment equilibrium between
American cities. Moreover, immigrants are attracted to cities with higher wage and
employment growth. This will tend to mask the impact of immigration. As a result,
comparisons across cities will tend to understate the immigration effect. Studies that have
tended to treat the country as one large labor market have found larger effects than have cross
city comparisons.
Conclusion
There is no debate that illegal immigration, and even immigration more generally, increases
the supply of workers who are employed in lower-skilled, lower-wage sectors of the
economy. It is also uncontested that a significant share of native-born black men have
education levels that make them more likely to compete with illegal immigrants.
Additionally, there is agreement that wages and employment for less-educated men,
including black men, have generally stagnated or declined. The lack of wage growth makes
it very difficult to argue that less-educated workers are in short supply. There are a number
of studies indicating that immigration is harming the labor market prospects of black
Americans. However, the debate over whether immigration reduces wages or employment
among black Americans is not entirely settled. If one is concerned about less-educated
workers in this country, it is difficult to justify continuing high levels of legal and illegal
immigration that disproportionately impact the bottom end of the labor market.
94
Augustine J. Kposowa, ―The Impact of Immigration on Unemployment and Earnings among Racial
Minorities in the United States,‖ in
Ethnic and Racial Studies,
Volume 18, Number 3, July 1995
.
95
―The Effects of Immigrants on African-American Earnings: A Jobs-Level Analysis of the New York City
Labor Market, 1979-89‖ (November 1997). Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 210. By David
Howell and Elizabeth Mueller.
96
―Finding Work in the Inner City: How Hard Is it Now? How Hard Will it Be for AFDC Recipients?‖ by
Katherine Newman and Chauncy Lennon.
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