82
Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages & Employment of Black Workers
Commissioner Heriot asserts that if the readers of this briefing report only take away one
point from it that point should be: ―One of the consequences of the on-going illegal
immigration of low-skilled workers into the United States is that it decreases the wages of
low-skilled workers generally. This is simple supply and demand.‖
155
The real world
economic effect of immigration, legal and illegal, on low-skilled workers, however, is not
something that can be so easily simplified. The demand for labor is not static or inelastic
such that an increase in the supply of labor would necessarily depress wages. Rather, both
the demand and the supply of labor are dynamic, and as such, the effect that immigration has
and has had on both has been either difficult to ascertain or miniscule.
156
Professor Card's results from his long-term work are in direct conflict with Commissioner
Heriot's generalized assertion. To the contrary, as discussed above, Card finds that, in
American cities with high numbers of low-skilled immigrants, native-born low-skilled
workers appear to have only a 3 to 4 percent loss in relative wages and an increase in actual
wages.
157
Further, Card notes that the labor supply which the low-skill immigrant pool provides may
actually be helping some sectors of the American economy grow. When an area has a large
influx of immigrants, Card finds that "[t]he labor market can adjust. It can increase in areas
where there are a lot of unskilled immigrants. Employers can move in who can support
that."
158
By way of example, Card has stated that:
20 years ago when I first moved to the U.S., only very rich people had their lawns cut
by someone else. The cost of hiring someone to do that got so low because of the
supply of landscapers and firms that specialized in hiring immigrants, it created a
sector of the economy that ... wasn't counted as part of GDP [Gross Domestic
Product] before.
159
Growth in the home health care industry has also been fueled by immigrants willing to work
as home health aides. As Card said, "If those (immigrants) weren't here, most people would
have their mothers and grandmothers living with them. When that kind of labor is available,
people will think of how to exploit it.‖
160
In line with Card's expectation, the American economy is believed to be absorbing large
numbers of illegal immigrants in an array of industries. Findings indicate that
[i]llegal immigrants make up nearly 5 percent of the U.S. workforce, with large
numbers of them in certain industries that require few skills and little education,
155
Commissioner Heriot's Concurrence, published herewith.
156
The dynamic nature of the labor market, and the extremely limited effects that immigration has upon it, have
been amply demonstrated by those cited in footnote 2,
supra.
157
Card at pp. 18, 20.
158
Said,
supra
.
159
Id.
160
Id.
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