Commissioner Statements
79
distinguish between different categories of immigrants by how they were admitted. I agree
with Dr. Briggs that under these circumstances, it is difficult for policymakers to design
remedies that best promote the national interest rather than the policy preferences of special
interest groups. I further concur with his recommendation that as a result, ―a more nuanced
methodology that encourages an understanding of historical experiences, an awareness of
changing domestic economic conditions, and an appreciation of the evolutionary
development of the component policies that comprise immigration policy would be a
preferred option.‖
138
Given these circumstances, participants in the debate over immigration should take greater
care not to overstate or misrepresent the conclusions that can be drawn from the currently
available data. At the same time, those who express concern regarding the impact of
illegal
immigration cannot be dismissed or demonized as being ―anti-immigrant.‖ Intemperate
language and accusations of nativism and racism only further confound the debate.
Politicians on both sides of the aisle should care enough about immigration policy and its
ramifications for the national interest to speak honestly, avoiding the inflammatory words
that have caused the discussions regarding illegal immigration to devolve.
Rebuttal of Commissioners Michael Yaki and Arlan Melendez
The plain truth that the majority refuses to acknowledge is that the record is considerably
mixed on whether illegal immigrants create any measurable or significant impact upon the
wages and employment opportunities of African-Americans. There is even considerable
debate whether, for the group of low-skilled, low-educated Americans, competition with
undocumented workers creates the displacement effects that the majority seems to consider a
fait accompli.
139
Labor economist and University of California at Berkeley Professor David
Card has been a leading proponent of the theory that illegal immigration does not have the
significant adverse employment and wage effects on low-skilled, native-born workers that
are commonly presumed.
140
In fact, Card reasons, the presence of low-skilled immigrants
may indeed have benefits for such Americans. On this overarching point, Card states that:
More than two decades of research on the local labor market impacts of immigration
has reached a near consensus that increased immigration has a small but discernible
negative effect on the
relative
wages of low-skilled native workers (i.e., the ratio of
low-skilled wages to wages in the middle of the skill distribution). Less is known
138
Briggs,
supra
note 2, at 192.
139
And it must be noted – as if it wasn‘t patently obvious – that the category of ―low-skilled‖ or ―low-educated‖
or ―high school drop-out‖ is not, in and of itself, a racial, ethnic, religious, or gender classification that is within
the jurisdiction of the Commission on Civil Rights.
140
Other researchers have also found that the impact of immigrants upon the wages of native-born workers is
minimal at most. For other recent examinations of the economic effects of immigration on native-born racial
minorities and/or low-skilled workers, see George Borjas, Jeffery Grogger & Gordon H. Hanson,
Immigration
and African American Employment Opportunities: The Response of Wages, Employment, and Incarceration to
Labor Supply Shocks
(NBER Working Paper 12518, 2006); Deborah Reed and Sheldon Danziger,
The Effects
ofRecent Immigration on Racial/Ethnic Labor Market Differences
, A
MERICAN
E
CONOMIC
R
EVIEW
97, No. 2
(2007); Gordon H. Hanson,
The Economics and Policy ofIllegal Immigration in the United States
(Migration
Policy Institute 2009).
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