80
Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages & Employment of Black Workers
about the impact on the average level of native wages, but theoretical reasoning, as
well as the evidence presented here (and in a few other studies, mainly at the national
level) suggests a small positive effect. .. . Taken together with the labor market
evidence, it seems that the direct economic impacts of immigration on existing native
residents of major U.S. cities are relatively small, and may well be positive.
141
Professor Card's own years of research and findings support the conclusions of others which
show that any impact of immigration upon the average wages of native low-skilled workers
is ―relatively modest.‖
142
Specifically, his analysis indicates that in American cities with
high numbers of low-skilled immigrants, ―the relative wages of [native] workers in the
lowest skill group are about 3-4 percent lower [than in low-immigrant cities]....‖
143
Card
further concludes that actual average wages for native, low-skilled workers may actually rise
as much as 10 percent in cities such as Los Angeles with high immigrant numbers.
Obviously, he says, ―this effect is more than large enough to offset the 4-5 percent reduction
in the relative wages of low-skilled [native] workers.‖
144
Therefore, ―even though the
relative wages of low-skilled natives are depressed in high-immigrant cities, the absolute
level of their wages appears to be higher‖ than in low-immigrant cities.
145
It appears, then,
that the majority's worries are the proverbial much ado about nothing.
Card's work regarding the impact of immigration on low-skilled native workers is largely,
but not universally, accepted within his field.
146
Fellow economists George Borjas and
Lawrence Katz of Harvard University opined in 2005 that immigration between 1980 and
2000 resulted in a wage decline for native-born high school drop-outs by 8.2 percent.
147
Given that high-school dropouts are presumed to be low-skilled workers, this figure indicates
approximately double the impact that Card ascertained. But even if Borjas and Katz were
accurate, Card still finds the effect of their number to be minimal. ―That's 40 cents an hour
(less) as a result of 20 years of Mexican immigration. In the several studies I've done over
almost 20 years, if there are such effects (lowering of wages), they are very, very small.‖
148
However, Lawrence Katz himself has minimized the conflict between the percentages (and
related impacts) that he and Borjas published and that of Card. Katz has ―acknowledged
[that] the original analysis used some statistically flimsy data,‖ and that the result should
141
David Card, ―How Immigration Effects U.S. Cities‖ June 2007,
http://www.irle.berkeley.edu/events/fall07/symposium/card.pdf
at p. 32. Retrieved May 24, 2010. (emphasis in
original).
142
Id.
, p. 18
143
Id.
144
Id.
, p. 20 (emphasis in original).
145
Id.
(emphasis in original).
146
Cowen, Tyler, and Rothschild, Daniel M., ―Each Is Good For the Other,‖ Ft. Worth Star Telegram (TX),
May 17, 2006, p. B-15.
147
Borjas, George and Katz, Lawrence, ―The Evolution of the Mexican-Born Workforce in the United States,‖
NBER Working Paper # 11281, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April 2005 at p. 37.
148
Said, Carolyn, ―The Immigration Debate: Effect on Economy Depends on Viewpoint,‖ San Francisco
Chronicle (CA), May 21, 2006, p. A-13.
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