Summary of Proceedings
5
Summary of Proceedings
Panel One
Gordon Hanson
Professor Hanson
9
began his remarks by noting the dramatic rise in U.S. immigration, which
rose from 5 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent by 2006. According to Dr. Hanson, immigrant
workers make up one-seventh of the American workforce, and illegal workers account for
one-third of the total immigrants now in the U.S. Dr. Hanson stated that around 60 percent
of illegal immigrants have less than a high school education and compete for low-skilled jobs
with native workers. He observed that economic theory would predict downward wage
pressure as the result of the increase in the supply of workers in the U.S. economy. He noted
the disagreement among economists, however, as to whether the data allows such a
conclusion, indicating that studies on wage trends in different local labor markets often find
small effects, and studies that look at wages on a national basis find larger effects. He stated
that the strongest adverse impacts would be felt by workers competing for jobs with
immigrants directly, that is, by low-skilled native workers.
His co-authored study
10
based on these data found that the employment rate of black high
school dropouts fell from 72 percent in 1960 to 42 percent in 2000, compared to an 83 to 64
percent decline among white high school dropouts. In addition, the number of black men in
correctional institutions rapidly increased during a shorter period (1980–2000), going from
1.4 percent of black high school dropouts to 21 percent.
Dr. Hanson noted that, surprisingly, there is little research on the connection between
immigration and the employment and incarceration of black men. He questioned whether
diminished wages resulting from immigration have encouraged some black men to leave the
labor force and turn to crime.
To find the specific effects of immigration on black low-wage workers, Professor Hanson
and his coauthors examined U.S. census data from 1960 to 2000 and found a strong
correlation between immigration, wages, employment rates, and incarceration rates for
9
Gordon Hanson, testimony, pp. 8–16. Briefing transcript of record before the U.S. Commission on Civil
Rights, Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages & Employment of Black Workers, Washington, DC, Apr.
4, 2008, (Hereinafter cited as ―Briefing Transcript‖).
10
Borjas, Grogger and Hanson, ―Immigration and African-American Employment Opportunities: The
Response of Wages, Employment and Incarceration to Labor Supply Shocks,‖ 2006, NBER Working Paper
12518,
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~GBorjas/Papers/Borjas,%20Grogger,%20Hanson,%202006.pdf;
see also
Borjas, Grogger and Hanson, ―Immigration and the Economic Status of African-American Men,‖ January,
2009,
http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/027/9473.pdf,
cf. Footnote 11; for a related inquiry concerning the United
Kingdom,
see also
―The Economic Impact of Immigration,‖ House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee, HL
Paper 82-I, 2008,
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeconaf/82/82.pdf
(all accessed
Apr. 1, 2009).
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