3. Reactions to Jesus’ Parables (21:45–46)
⁴⁵And when the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they
recognized that he was speaking about them; ⁴ and they wanted to arrest him, but
they were afraid of the crowds, since the crowds regarded him as a prophet.
The leaders’ perception of the thrust of Jesus’ parables is hardly surprising in
view of the obvious OT-derived symbolism of the vineyard, and their
determination to put an end to such seditious teaching is the more
understandable if v. 44 with its threat of destruction is also part of his comments.
The audience is apparently still the “chief priests and elders of the people” (v.
23); Matthew’s use of “Pharisees” rather than “elders” here brings in the group
who will feature prominently in the following controversies (22:15, 34, 41, and
throughout ch. 23). Pharisees also formed a substantial element in the Sanhedrin
(cf. Acts 23:6–10), though it is likely that they were represented mainly among
the scribes (the group whom Matthew has omitted in v. 23, contrast Mark 11:27)
rather than among the elders.
It is possible that the “crowds” here should be understood as largely made up of
Jesus’ Galilean supporters who had accompanied him into the city (see on vv. 1–
11) and who then presented him as their “prophet” (v. 11). But Galileans would
be a minority in the Court of the Gentiles, and we should probably think rather
of the wider Jerusalem crowd, whose estimate of John as a prophet (v. 26) is
now applied also to Jesus. In chs. 21–23 the “crowd” remain in the background
as a wider audience for the controversy between Jesus and the leaders, and their
attitude appears to be generally receptive to Jesus. Their “amazement” at Jesus’
teaching (22:33) is probably to be taken in a favorable sense, and in 23:1–12
Jesus is able to appeal to the crowds over the heads of the scribes and Pharisees,
and to assume that the crowd will support him rather than them. In 26:3–5 we
find the leaders still afraid of a crowd reaction in favor of Jesus. But we shall
meet a very different “crowd” in Gethsemane (26:55), and in 27:15–25, and
especially on 27:24–25, the attitude of the “crowd” will be one of total rejection.
Historically speaking, of course, these various “crowds” would probably have
consisted of different people, but Matthew’s repeated use of the term is probably
intended to allow us to trace a movement in the response of the people of
Jerusalem, from an initial openness and indeed support for Jesus as a prophet to
their eventual acceptance of their leaders’ view that he was a false prophet.¹
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