more likely, it is original here (as it certainly is in Luke 20:18) it takes
further the OT imagery of a messianic “stone” which has just been
discovered in Ps 118:22. The same passage will be taken up again in Acts
4:11, and two passages in the epistles (Rom 9:32–33; 1 Peter 2:4–8) testify to
early Christian interest in developing this theme by searching for other
references to stones in the OT which could be christologically applied;⁴¹ it is
likely that it was Jesus’ use of Ps 118:22 which started the search. This
saying contributes two further such allusions, one of which (Isa 8:14) will be
used again in combination with Ps 118:22 in 1 Peter 2:8. In the absence of
quotation marks it is impossible to be sure whether Matthew intends this
verse to be read as the continuation of Jesus’ speech or as his own editorial
comment, but in the translation above I have opted for the former both
because v. 45 appears to be a comment on a speech just concluded and also
because Matthew’s editorial quotations are normally marked by an
introductory formula.
The first clause reflects the imagery of Isa 8:14–15 where it is God himself who
is described as a rock or stone which both provides sanctuary for those who trust
him and forms a stumbling-block for the unfaithful; those who stumble will fall
and “be smashed.” This last verb is not the same as LXX Isa 8:15, but vividly
conveys the sense of being broken to pieces which is in both Hebrew and LXX.
The identification of this stone with that of Ps 118 and therefore with the
Messiah rather than with God, is typical of the bold use of OT imagery which we
have seen e.g. in 3:3 and 11:10 where the forerunner of God becomes the
forerunner of Jesus (cf. the use of Ps 8:2 in 21:16).
The second clause introduces an OT stone which neither Paul nor Peter brought
into their collections, but which is of obvious messianic significance. Daniel 2
describes the vision of a statue, representing a succession of pagan empires,
smashed by a stone which represents a new kingdom⁴² set up by the God of
heaven which will replace all previous régimes and will last for ever. When the
stone hits the statue it is “broken in pieces and becomes like the chaff of the
threshing floor which the wind carries away” (Dan 2:35; cf. vv. 44–45) while the
stone itself becomes a mountain and fills the whole earth.
These two stone passages together add a new dimension to Psalm 118:22. The
sense of ultimate vindication and triumph is echoed in the Daniel allusion, but
this verse adds the destructive effect of the stone on all who do not value it. It
thus ends Jesus’ parable and interpretive comments with a severe warning of the
consequences of rejecting the stone God has chosen, that is, rejecting and killing
the son.
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