specifically to the influence of Exodus 1–2 and a deliberate assimilation of
Herod to Pharaoh), or to an imaginative creation out of the Jeremiah text which
Matthew goes on to quote. I have discussed the issue at length in an article in
NovT 21 (1979) 98–120, and offer here only a brief summary of the main points.
The lack of independent evidence⁷ is no more of a problem for this than for
virtually every other incident recorded in the gospels, unless it is argued that this
event was of such a character and magnitude that Josephus (our only significant
source for Jewish history of the period) would be bound to have mentioned it. In
the comments on v. 16 below I shall suggest that its magnitude should not be
exaggerated; on the scale of atrocities known to have been perpetrated by Herod
during his later years this would register very low. Nor should we assume that
Josephus had a full record of all the events in the reign of a king who died forty
years before he was born.
Stories of the rescue of new-born kings from jealous rivals include both Gentile⁸
and Jewish
examples, but the only one of these which finds any clear echo in
Matthew’s story is, as we have already seen in other connections, Pharaoh’s
unsuccessful attempt to destroy Moses. It is clear that this scriptural model has
been important in Matthew’s telling of the story of Jesus, but not so clear that it
would have given rise to this narrative without historical basis. In particular, the
precise specification that children “up to two years old” were killed has no basis
in the Moses story, which concerns the killing of babies at the time of birth.¹
There is even less to be said for Jer 31:15 as the basis of the story, since nothing
in the OT passage provides any basis for linking it with the story of Jesus unless
there was already some tradition of the killing of children to draw attention to it
in the first place. We shall note below the difficulties interpreters have in
discovering messianic significance in this particular text beyond the mere
coincidence of the motif of loss of children. The wording of the Jeremiah
passage is not reflected at all in v. 16, which draws its terminology rather from
the previous account of Herod and the magi, and the killing of the children, far
from being simply a product of this OT text, is integrated into the whole
narrative flow of the chapter, being planned in vv. 3–8, predicted in v. 13 and
referred back to in v. 20. Like Matthew’s other formula quotations vv. 17–18
function as an editorial comment on a traditional story, not as its source.¹¹
On these grounds I find it more satisfactory to interpret v. 16 as recording a
tradition which Matthew has received of what he himself at least believed to be
an actual event, and one which was sadly not untypical of the later years of the
Herod we know from Josephus (see comments below). But of course here, as
throughout 1:18–2:23, Matthew’s purpose in including this particular story is to
develop further his presentation of Jesus as the fulfillment of Scripture. That
argument is advanced in this little pericope first by further underlining the “new
Moses” typology by depicting Herod in the role of the infanticide Pharaoh, and
secondly by discovering in an obscure verse of Jeremiah a further typological
model for the events surrounding the coming of the Messiah. Just how that
model is meant to work will be our concern in the comments below on v. 18.
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