The first analogy is with the story of David at Nob (the temporary sanctuary set
up after the Philistines destroyed Shiloh), as related in 1 Sam 21:1–6. The OT
narrative does not state that David himself “went into the house of God,” but that
Ahimelech the priest gave him the ceremonial bread which was kept inside the
sanctuary where only the priests could go. The assumption would naturally be
that Ahimelech brought it out for David (or perhaps more likely gave David the
old loaves which had just been replaced), but Jesus’ account, by having David
himself enter the sanctuary, makes his action even bolder than the OT original.
David’s irregular demand is explained by the comment that he and his men³
were hungry, as Jesus’ disciples also are (v. 1). The OT story does not mention
the sabbath, but it could be inferred (and was by some later Jewish interpreters)
that it took place on the sabbath since that was the day when the “bread of the
presence” was regularly replaced (Lev 24:8). But what David infringed was not
the sabbath law as such but the regulation that only priests were to eat the
ceremonial loaves (Lev 24:9). It is David’s authority to override a legal
prescription, not his attitude to the sabbath as such, which is at issue in Jesus’
argument. There would be little force in an argument which simply asserted that
if the law has been broken once it can be broken again. The point is who it was
who was, exceptionally, allowed to break it. Ahimelech’s willingness to bend the
rules must be related to his assumption that David, as not only the king’s
emissary but also himself the anointed successor to Saul, and now engaged on a
holy mission (1 Sam 21:4–5), stood in a category apart from other Israelites. It
was David, as David, who was permitted to do what was not lawful; and now
Jesus places his own authority alongside that of David. Matthew, as the
evangelist who most often portrays Jesus as “son of David,” is the more likely to
have appreciated the force of this christological argument.³¹ Such a logic seems
required here by the following analogy (v. 5), which also speaks of those whose
special position allowed them to do what others might not do. The concluding
declaration that “something greater is here” (v. 6) may then be seen as implied
here too: something greater than David is here.³² In 22:41–45 Jesus will argue
that the Messiah is more than just a son of David, and that claim is applied in a
veiled form to establish his special authority here.
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