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Functions:
- creates the atmosphere of intimacy, to involve the reader into the act
- makes the speech emotionally coloured, to show the author’s attitude
- creates a humurous effect
Polysyndeton – is the connection of s-ces, phrases or w-ds with any conjunctions.
Ex Red shirts and green shirts and yellow shirts.
Functions:
- creates an atmosphere of bustling activitie (and)
- serves either to stress iqual importance or dif-ce (or)
3)The SEM based on the unusual arrangements of synt.elements:
Inversion. The norm is char-sed by fixed w-d-order. The violation of traditional word-order, which doesn’t utter the denotative m-ng, but gives it an additional emotional or emphatic colouring is called inversion. As a result, a component is placed in an unusual position, acquiring special importance and producing a definite stylistic effect. Due to the I. the displaced element becomes the rheme of the utterance, the most imporatant part of it.
Ex. ... up with which I can’t put
The patterns of I.:
a) predicate is placed before the subject: Came another moment
b) predicative is placed before the subject: Poles apart we were – he and I
c) the object before the predicate and subject: The letter, that had awaited, I kept in my pocket
d) the AM, which usually follows the verb may occupy the innitial place: Angrily I tried to move away
f) the attribute may stand after the verb it modifies:
g) a postpositional element is inverted, often together with the verb: In went the widdle and I took my 2nd pipe
Functions:
- singles out some important parts
- gives emotional tension
- creates specific melody
- makes the narrative dynamic
- may contribute to a humorous effect
4)The SEM based on the interplay of ajoining s-ces.
Parralel constructions – constructions, formed on identical synt. pattern, closely following one another.
Ex. What we anticipate seldom occurs, what we least expect usually happens
Parallelism introduces balance into the narration, especially when it’s accomponied by lex. repetitions.
It may be complete, when the construction of the 2nd s-ce fully copies that of the the 1st.
Ex. The day is cold and dark and dreary
It rains and the wind is never weary
My life is cold and dark and dreary (Longfellow)
It may be partial, when only parts are structurally similar.
There are dif. approaches to the notion of parallelism. J.M.Lofman distinguishes 2 types:
- stresses analogy – binominal, in which one element is learnt through the other
analogues to the first. The parallel elements are not identical, but have common
features and we gudje about the 2nd part by the properties of the 1st
Ex. In secret we met
In silence we ....
That heart, should forget
A differnt and more complicated is the 2nd part. Both parts add to char-n and unders-
tanding of each other and the whole
Ex. Грустен и весел, вхожу, ваятель, в твою мастерскую.
- relation of interdependence
Ex. I kissed thee ear I killed thee
R. Jackobson writes about interparallelism: “In any parallel pattern there must be an element of identity, never extands to mechanical repetition. P. requires some variable features. P. is typical of other aspects: music, dance, architecture, etc. P. may stress either similarity or contrast”. Ex. To err is human
To forgive – divine (A.Pope)
Sometimes it may be combined with climax. In many cases P. is accomponied with the repetition of the individual w-ds, creating anaphora, epiphora, framing, etc.
Functions:
- emphatic f’: helps to stress the common m-ng in PC, and thus, helps understanding
through analogy
- enlarges the effect of styl. device used
- effects the rhithmical organization of the utterance and is used in oratory, in pothetic
or emphatic elements.
Chiasmus – is the riversed element, implying the change of synt. element
Ex. I love my love and my love loves me
In Ch. the central part, the predicate, remains the hinge, around which synt. changes occur. The subject of the 1st s-ce becomes the object of the 2nd. Ch.’s often cooperated with repetition Ex. What’s Hecube to him
Or he to Hecube?
That’s he should weep to her (“Hamlet” Shakespeare)
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