The Concept of Non-Contractual Obligations



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Rücktritt
)
 
and one 
unjustified enrichment remedy (
condictio indebiti
) are competing.
73
It is fairly obvious, after all, that the factors invalidating a contract must be 
decisive also for its unwinding. The just unwinding of a contract depends on 
contract law policy.
74
In principle, each party has to bear all risks pertaining to the 
benefit received, because the beneficiary has control over the benefit in question. Of 
course, there are exceptions to this principle, yet these are likewise based on 
(typically more specific) contract law policy.
75
Thus, minors and other persons 
without capacity to contract are protected against the risks of concluding a 
contract,
76
and where the other side is responsible for the risk in question, it must 
bear the resulting damage.
77
Here, such policies need not be discussed in more 
detail.
78
It is more important to realise that the basic principle of unjustified 
73
Here, the 
Schuldrechtsreform
(reform of the German law of obligations, 2002) has intellectually 
integrated the contractual remedies 
Rücktritt
(repudiation of the contract), 
Widerruf
(withdrawal) and 
the former 
Wandelung
(action for rescission because of a defect of the object of the contract). 
74
Dawson
(fn 63) 431 f; 
S Hedley
, Restitution: Its Division and Ordering (2001) 35 ff, 45 ff; 
Carbonnier
(fn 24) [107]; 
König
(fn 57) 84; 
C Coen
, Vertragsscheitern und Rückabwicklung. Eine 
rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zum englischen und deutschen Recht, zum UN-Kaufrecht sowie 
zu den Unidroit Principles und den Principles of European Contract Law (2003) 35 ff, 310 ff and 
passim; 
Schlechtriem
(fn 3) vol I, 748 f. 
75
As a consequence, comparative studies of the law of unjustified enrichment are in this context 
much more concerned with contract law principles than with the national rules on the 
condictiones

cf 
Schlechtriem
(fn 3) vol I, 546–747. 
76
See Art 1312 French CC: „Lorsque les mineurs ou les majeurs en tutelle sont admis, en ces 
qualités, à se faire restituer contre leurs engagements, le remboursement de ce qui aurait été, en 
conséquence de ces engagements, payé pendant la minorité ou la tutelle des majeurs, ne peut en être 
exigé, à moins qu‟il ne soit prouvé que ce qui a été payé a tourné à leur profit‟; Art 1425 Italian CC: 
„Se il contratto è annullato per incapacità (1425) di uno dei contraenti, questi non è tenuto a restituire 
all‟altro la prestazione ricevuta se non nei limiti in cui è stata rivolta a suo vantaggio ...‟ Similar 
provisions can also be found in many other civil codes; cf Arts 1304, 1314 II Spanish CC. See also 
BGH (4 May 1994) 

1994

Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 2021 f: the claimant could 
recover DM 75,000 which he had paid for a tanning salon despite being unable to return the studio; 
Cass 1st civ (5 April 1978) 

1978

Bull civ I, No 147: credit for FF 392,000. English law, however, 
does not allow minors to unwind a contract if it has been fulfilled; see 
Chaplin
v Leslie Frewin 
(Publishers) Ltd
[1966] Law Reports, Chancery Division (Ch) 71. 
77
See Art 1647 (1) French CC: „Si la chose qui avait des vices a péri par suite de sa mauvaise 
qualité, la perte est pour le vendeur, qui sera tenu envers l‟acheteur à la restitution du prix et aux 
autres dédommagements expliqués dans les deux articles précédents‟; comparable rules can be 
found, eg, in Art 82 (2) (a) CISG, § 346 (3) no 2 BGB, Arts 1492 (3), 1493 (2) Italian CC or 
Art 1487 Spanish CC; cf Note 6 to Art 9:309 PECL. In Germany, the rule is applied also in the 
context of the 

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