Tashkent state university of uzbek language and literature named after alisher navoi

CHAPTER III. METHODS AND STRATEGIES USED TO SIMULTANEOUSLY INTERPRETING CULTURALLY MARKED LANGUAGE UNITS.
In modern linguistics, there is an increased interest in the problems of definition, classification and translation of culturally marked words, due to the important role of realias as a mirror of language, which reflects its national and cultural specifics. Realia is a linguistic phenomenon that, on the one hand, is universal in terms of prevalence and availability in almost all languages of the world, and on the other hand, unique in terms of specific concepts and definitions that are inherent exclusively to one people and language. Translation of realias, of course, is part of the problem of transferring the national flavor of the country.
K.V. Rudenko divides realias into socio-political realities (administrative structure, authorities, state symbols, military affairs); onomastic realities (anthroponyms and their varieties, toponyms and their varieties) and ethnographic realias (food, drinks, customs, traditions, holidays, clothing, money, weight and length measures) [3].
The political sphere is one of the important spheres of public life. The mass media cover the problems of domestic, foreign or international politics are the main source of political information for the majority of the country's population and form political consciousness. Playing an essential role in the life of society, the political sphere attracts the attention of representatives of many sciences, including linguists and translators. The volume of socio-political texts published annually (articles, opinions, interviews, critical, satirical materials, review, analytical, statistical information) aimed at foreign-language readers is quite large and, with the growth of international relations, continues to increase. The reliability and accuracy of the information that readers will receive depends on the translator. In modern conditions, the translation of socio-political texts is of great importance, acting as a means of propaganda and an instrument of ideological struggle.
Due to the fact that politics is the sphere of activity where the basic interests of society are particularly clearly manifested, the language dynamics is most active, reflected in the appearance of numerous neologisms that have both social and linguistic conditionality, the translator should have an idea about the peculiarities of translating different layers of vocabulary. The analysis of this vocabulary shows that a certain part of it can be classified as non-equivalent, because the national-cultural content in these words forms the core of their meaning, and they denote concepts that have no analogues in Russian political realia. The emergence of difficulties in translating such vocabulary in socio-political texts may be due to a number of reasons. In some cases, this is due to the difference in the respective cultures. In other cases, the presence of realias in the language is explained not so much by the absence of an appropriate denotation, as by different ideas about the same subject or phenomenon of real realias. The translator's knowledge and understanding of socio-political realities is of great importance, because real words carry socio-cultural background information that is important for understanding the general meaning of the text, including the implicit one, since they are associated with certain associations for native speakers. Based on research in the field of translation studies, it can be argued that there are many works devoted to classifications of ways of translating realities into the language of the host culture [4, 5, 6, 7, etc.]. It should be noted that all the methods used in translation practice to convey realities can be reduced to the following main ones: transliteration and transcription, translation by dictionary correspondence, calculus, explicative methods of translation (description, explanation), concretization and generalization of meanings, translation by functional analogue, contextual substitution and omission of realias.
In the situation of interpretation, both simultaneous and consecutive, an interpreter is required not only to have excellent knowledge of the language and the ability to control his psychoemotional state, but also to possess a certain set of "skills, or strategies, or the ability to process and process information". Many researchers understand strategy as "the necessary skills or certain abilities of a conference translator to process information for translation from the source language into the translated language" (Ilyukhin 2001:14).
However, it should be noted right away that, despite a fairly large number of works devoted to the study of translation strategies in interpretation, it is usually about the use of such strategies only in simultaneous translation mode. That is why it seems appropriate to review the existing classifications of translation strategies based on simultaneous translation, in order to subsequently develop their own classification applicable for comparing two types of interpretation.
Let's consider some of the existing classifications of strategies used by translators in simultaneous translation.
Strategies can be divided into three groups: perception strategies (attraction of background knowledge, anticipation and fragmentation of information) and linguistic planning strategies (reformulation and transcoding, compression and expansion, generalization, compensation). The third group consists of so-called general strategies (strategies of control, automated solutions and load distribution) that affect the final result of translation (Riccardi 2002: 26). At the same time, it is noted that the more the syntactic structures of languages differ, the more often translators have to apply strategies, for example, the strategy of anticipation (Riccardi 1995:214). However, this statement is another subject of discussion, since "one of the most controversial issues in the study of simultaneous translation is the long-term disputes over which language pairs simultaneous translation presents the greatest difficulty" (Ilyukhin 2001: 15).
In addition to dividing strategies by types and their correlation with different language pairs, there is no consensus about their nature, the degree of automation of their use. Some researchers attribute them to the translator's conscious plan to solve specific translation problems within the framework of a translation task (Ordudari 2007). Others note that along with conscious actions to solve translation tasks, there is also a subconscious use of strategies that allows the translator to save resources for other operations (Liontou 2012: 16). Consequently, strategies can be divided into two groups: strategies based on the skills of the translator (applied at a subconscious level), and strategies based on the knowledge of the translator, that is, conscious decisions (Riccardi 2005: 760-762).
Strategies can also be divided into two groups according to the type of response to a translation problem. So, there are execution (success) strategies in which the translator tries to solve the problem, find the necessary linguistic units, and reduction strategies when the translator avoids the problem without resorting to any alternative plan of action. Execution strategies include generalization and substitution (trial and error). Reduction strategies are omission, compression, "throwing" sentences (Al-Khanji, El-Shiyab, Hussein 2000: 550-555).
J. Forte offers a classification of strategies into the following groups: 1) general strategies, or "global strategies" (lagging, self-control); 2) perception strategies, or "comprehension strategies" (probabilistic forecasting, segmentation, information selection, stalling, expectation); 3) strategies for generating translation text, or "production strategies" (paraphrase, compression, expansion, approximation generalization, etc.); 4) backup strategies (omission, transcoding and parallel paraphrase) (Forte 2012: 113-127).
Another classification of translation strategies is proposed in the work of V.M. Ilyukhin. The eight strategies are divided into 2 groups: related to the time factor and static factors. The first group includes: trial and error strategy, expectation, stalling, linearity, probabilistic forecasting (linguistic and extralinguistic), - and to the second: the strategy of sign translation, compression and decompression (Ilyukhin 2001: 13).
Based on existing classifications, it seems possible
develop your own classification of strategies that can be applied to the analysis of both simultaneous and sequential translation.
The strategies are represented by two groups:
1) Translator's perception strategies. This includes waiting, acceleration, and stalling strategies. It should be noted right away that this group of strategies is primarily characteristic of simultaneous translation, since they are mainly associated with the need for simultaneous perception and speaking. However, the use of individual strategies of this subgroup is also possible in consecutive translation mode.
2) Strategies for the implementation of the translation by the translator. This group of strategies consists of strategies for the application of translation transformations.
In this paper, an analysis of the implementation of only execution strategies will be carried out, since the analysis of perception strategies is largely related to the consideration of prosodic characteristics, which is not the purpose of this study. Moreover, perception strategies are, rather, a preparatory stage for the implementation of execution strategies, which, in turn, lead to a specific result - the utterance of target language.
In order to determine by which classification the analysis of the second group of strategies will be given, we will consider the main interpretations of the problem of translation transformation.
3.1. Transcription and transliteration
Transcription. When using this transformation, the names are transmitted in such a way that they convey the sound of the original toponym as much as possible. The purpose of transcription is both the closest transmission of the sound of a foreign word, and compliance with the principle of one-to-one correspondence between the phonemes of the original and their graphic correspondences in the translation language . Not all sounds of English speech can be accurately transmitted by means of the Uzbek alphabet and, therefore, the transmission of American toponyms will be approximate. Such a transformation meets certain difficulties, since it is not always possible to convey one or another sound by means of another [2, p. 37; 9, p. 81]. For example, such realias as: impeachment – impichment, etc. are translated using the transcription technique. This form of transfer of toponyms is the most significant, since it conveys the peculiarities of the toponymy of a particular country better than other transformations. Transcription is most often used in domestic translation practice, however, there are not always conditions for transmitting the sound form of a toponym due to differences in local pronunciation or even the impossibility of transmitting the features of the original name by means of our alphabet. In the modern translation tradition, the principle of practical transcription is used, in which the sound of the source language is transmitted, but transliteration elements are included. The spread of this principle is due to the fact that in interlanguage communication a large amount of information is transmitted in writing, and in addition, thanks to transliteration elements, it is easier to restore the original form. 2. Transliteration is "a way of translating the lexical unit of the original by recreating its graphic form using the letters of target language" [14, p. 414]. The principle of transliteration was used in translation practice in the XVII – XIX centuries, when interlanguage contacts were haphazard. Transliteration is one of the most widely used translation techniques. Translators resort to this technique when there is really no equivalent in the source language [38, p. 29]. One of the advantages of transliteration is its reliability, since transliterating a new word, the translator transmits graphic or phonetic form, as well as the written version of the toponym is not distorted (tribalism – tribalism; Boston – Boston, Las Vegas – LasVegas) [15, p. 167; 14, p. 17]. In translation practice, this translation technique is used much more often, since sometimes when translating a toponym, the pronunciation of the name is not reliably known [10] In addition, the popularity of transliteration is explained by a number of reasons. This technique is used in the transmission of realias even if the name of the place is known, "however, in the past, at one time, another name was used in our everyday life, its sound was not known to the scientist" and such a technique has become traditional [12, p. 44]. Currently, transliteration does not occur "in its pure" form, since in many European languages the letters have changed their sound meaning, which makes it difficult to use this translation technique. Methods such as transcription and transliteration are most often used when translating onomastic realias that cannot be transferred to another language by any other technique. However, this technique has a significant drawback – the appearance of new and unusual words in the target language, the meaning of which often has to be clarified [11, p. 18]
The undocumented immigrants were arrested last month in Louisville, Lexington, Shelbyville, and Owensboro (October 9, 2016) – Hujjatsiz muhojirlar o'tgan oy Luisvill, Leksington, Shelbivill va Ovensboroda hibsga olingan. As we can see in this example, cities are translated using transcription transformation.
2. The wooden remnants of a centuries-old military road known as Hull’s Trace emerge when the water level is low near the spot where the Huron River empties into Lake Erie (August 17, 2016) –Huron daryosi Eri ko'liga oqib o'tadigan joyga yaqin yerda suv sathi past bo'lganida, Hall yo’lagi deb nomlanadigan ko'p asrlik harbiy yo'lda kesilgan daraxtlar to’nkalari ko’rinib qoladi.
In this case, we translate the first element by calque, because we consider it necessary to convey the cultural component of the toponym – the Hull’s Trace, named after General William Hull, who proposed to build a military road; the second and third toponyms are a combined translation (in the first case, transcription and calque, and in the second case transliteration and calque. In addition to the names of localities, we can refer to the geographical realias of the names of stadiums and sports facilities.
3. But when I was a 10-year-old who got to escape to the old Chicago Stadium on Sunday nights with my father, it never dawned on me that the team was lacking for anything (June 15, 2015). –Biroq, 10 yoshli bolakay bo'lganimda, eski Chikago Stadiumga yakshanba oqshomlari otam bilan yugurib chiqqanimda hech qachon jamoa biror narsaga muhtoj bo’lganligi haqida o’ylamas edim. "Chicago Stadium" – the stadium was built on March 28, 1929, which hosted many significant events, was the home arena of the Chicago Bulls and Chicago Blackhawks teams. It was demolished in 1994, on the site of which the United Center was built, which is the largest indoor stadium in the United States [31, p. 86].
4. A woman who was struck in the head by a broken bat at Fenway Park on Friday night was in serious condition Saturday at a hospital in Boston, her family said in a statement (June 07, 2015). –Juma kuni kechqurun Fenuey Park stadionida singan kaltak bilan bosh qismiga zarba berish natijasida jabrlanuvchi ayol shanba kuni Bostondagi kasalxonada og'ir ahvolda edi, deya xabar beradi uning oilasi bayonotda.
5. With no shade from the Southern California sun, the 90,000 plastic seats inside Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum have faded almost to white in some places (August 11, 2015). –Janubiy Kaliforniyaning quyoshi sababli, Los-Anjelesdagi Memorial Kolizey ichidagi 90,000 plastik o'rindiqlar ba'zi joylarda deyarli rangi o’chib ketdi.
Using these examples, it can be seen that when translating stadiums, such translation techniques as transliteration and transcription are mainly used, since many toponyms contain an anthroponym – a proper name, which in translation practice is usually transliterated or transcribed (Chicago Stadium – Chikago Stadium) Nevertheless, analyzing some examples, we can conclude that stadiums containing the names of teams are usually a mixture of transliteration, transcription and combined translation (Fenway Park Stadioni), and in some cases the names of stadiums are translated by calque: Memorial Coliseum – Memorial Kolizey.
The High Bridge, spanning the Harlem River and connecting Manhattan to the Bronx, is the oldest bridge in New York City (June 28, 2015). –Harlem daryosidan o'tib, Manxettenni Bronks bilan bog'laydigan Hay Bridj ko'prigi Nyu-Yorkdagi eng qadimgi ko’prik hisoblanadi.
8. The development, scheduled for completion in 2019, will occupy 16 acres directly south of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge to Philadelphia, in an area that is now a parking lot and adjoined by a minor-league baseball stadium and a public aquarium (September,29, 2015). – 2019- yilda yakunlanishi rejalashtirilgan qurilish Benjamin Franklin ko'prigidan Filadelfiyaning janubida, hozirda avtoturargoh bo'lgan va kichik ligadagi beysbol stadioni va jamoat akvariumiga tutashgan joyda 16 akr maydonni egallaydi. Analyzing these examples, we can conclude that when translating dromonyms, a combined translation is most often used, where the nominal component of the toponym is transliterated or transcribed, and the proper component of the toponym is translated as "ko’prik". However, at present, the tradition has been preserved when all components are transcribed, and the common component is translated: The High Bridge – Haybridj ko’prigi. Often such a translation is redundant, nevertheless it has entered the translation tradition. [22, p. 68] As with the translation of stadiums, calque is used in rare cases: the Golden Gate Bridge – Oltin Darvoza ko’prigi.
Hashtags don't have to be about a topic; they can also encapsulate a mood in your post –Hashtaglar mavzu doirasida bo'lishi shart emas; ular sizning postingizdagi kayfiyatni ham qamrab olishi mumkin. Hashtags – "hashtag" is a realia denoting the type of tagging that is used in social networks to facilitate the process of searching for information on a topic. This realia is translated by the transcription technique. Post – "post" is a modern realia, which is information posted by a user on a social network. When translating, the transliteration technique is used.
Mattis was speaking at the start of a meeting in the Pentagon with Singapore's minister of defense (April 05, 2017) –Mattis Pentagonda Singapur mudofaa vaziri bilan uchrashuv boshida nutq so’zladi. Pentagon – "Pentagon" - the US Department of Defense [36, p.728]. We translate the name of the department by transliteration.
In 2002, now-Vice President Mike Pence told The Hill that he will never eat alone with any woman but his wife - 2002-yilda vitse-prezident Mayk Pens Hill gazetasiga bergan intervyusida, u hech qachon xotinidan boshqa ayol bilan yolg'iz ovqatlanmasligini aytdi. The proper name "Mike Pence" is translated by the transcription technique – Mike Pens. The Hill – "The Hill Nashri" is a daily political newspaper published in Washington since 1994. Realia is translated using a combined translation (transliteration and calque).
. The White House has just announced that Ivanka Trump is joining her father’s administration as an unpaid employee with the title ‘Assistant to the President - Oq Uy Ivanka Trampni otasining ma'muriyatiga “prezidentning yordamchisi” unvoniga ega bo'lgan ish haqi to'lanmaydigan xodim sifatida qo'shilishini e'lon qildi.
The White House – (Oq Uy )is the official residence of the US President in Washington [36, p. 1076]. Realia is translated using calque . Proper name Ivanka Trump, translated by transcription.