Defense: What was your observation that you’ve made of the kind of atmosphere that existed
at parties at Kappa Alpha before?
Turner: A lot of grinding and—
D: What do you mean by grinding?
Turner: Girls dancing…facing away from a guy, and the guy behind them dancing with
them.
D: All right. So you’re describing a position where—are you both facing in the same
direction?
Turner: Yes.
D: But the boy’s behind the girl?
Turner: Yes.
D: And how close are their bodies during this grinding dancing?
Turner: They’re touching.
D: Is that common at these parties that you noticed?
Turner: Yes.
D: Did people dance on tables? Was that a common thing, too?
Turner: Yes.
Consent is something that two parties negotiate, on the assumption that each side in a
negotiation is who they say they are. But how can you determine consent when, at the moment of
negotiation, both parties are so far from their true selves?
7.
What happens to us when we get drunk is a function of the particular path the alcohol takes as it
seeps through our brain tissue. The effects begin in the frontal lobes, the part of our brain behind
our forehead that governs attention, motivation, planning, and learning. The first drink
“dampens” activity in that region. It makes us a little dumber, less capable of handling
competing complicated considerations. It hits the reward centers of the brain, the areas that
govern euphoria, and gives them a little jolt. It finds its way into the amygdala. The amygdala’s
job is to tell us how to react to the world around us. Are we being threatened? Should we be
afraid? Alcohol turns the amygdala down a notch. The combination of those three effects is
where myopia comes from. We don’t have the brainpower to handle more complex, long-term
considerations. We’re distracted by the unexpected pleasure of the alcohol. Our neurological
burglar alarm is turned off. We become altered versions of ourselves, beholden to the moment.
Alcohol also finds its way to your cerebellum, at the very back of the brain, which is involved in
balance and coordination. That’s why you start to stumble and stagger when intoxicated. These
are the predictable effects of getting drunk.
But under certain very particular circumstances—especially if you drink a lot of alcohol very
quickly—something else happens. Alcohol hits the hippocampus—small, sausage-like regions
on each side of the brain that are responsible for forming memories about our lives. At a blood-
alcohol level of roughly 0.08—the legal level of intoxication—the hippocampus starts to
struggle. When you wake up the morning after a cocktail party and remember meeting someone
but cannot for the life of you remember their name or the story they told you, that’s because the
two shots of whiskey you drank in quick succession reached your hippocampus. Drink a little
more and the gaps get larger—to the point where maybe you remember pieces of the evening but
other details can be summoned only with the greatest difficulty.
Aaron White, at the National Institutes of Health outside Washington, DC, is one of the
world’s leading experts on blackouts, and he says that there is no particular logic to which bits
get remembered and which don’t. “Emotional salience doesn’t seem to have an impact on the
likelihood that your hippocampus records something,” he says. “What that means is you might,
as a female, go to a party and you might remember having a drink downstairs, but you don’t
remember getting raped. But then you do remember getting in the taxi.” At the next level—
roughly around a blood-alcohol level of 0.15—the hippocampus simply shuts down entirely.
“In the true, pure blackout,” White said, “there’s just nothing. Nothing to recall.”
In one of the earliest studies of blackouts, an alcohol researcher named Donald Goodwin
gathered ten men from an unemployment line in St. Louis, gave them each the better part of a
bottle of bourbon over a four-hour period, then had them perform a series of memory tests.
Goodwin writes:
One such event was to show the person a frying pan with a lid on it, suggest that he might be
hungry, take off the lid, and there in the pan are three dead mice. It can be said with
confidence that sober individuals will remember this experience, probably for the rest of their
lives.
But the bourbon drinkers? Nothing. Not thirty minutes later, and not the next morning. The
three dead mice never got recorded at all.
In a blackout state—in that window of extreme drunkenness before their hippocampus comes
back online—drunks are like ciphers, moving through the world without retaining anything.
Goodwin once began an essay on blackouts with the following story:
A thirty-nine-year-old salesman awoke in a strange hotel room. He had a mild hangover but
otherwise felt normal. His clothes were hanging in the closet; he was clean-shaven. He
dressed and went down to the lobby. He learned from the clerk that he was in Las Vegas and
that he had checked in two days previously. It had been obvious that he had been drinking, the
clerk said, but he had not seemed very drunk. The date was Saturday the 14th. His last
recollection was of sitting in a St. Louis bar on Monday the 9th. He had been drinking all day
and was drunk, but could remember everything perfectly until about 3 p.m., when “like a
curtain dropping,” his memory went blank. It remained blank for approximately five days.
Three years later, it was still blank. He was so frightened by the experience that he abstained
from alcohol for two years.
The salesman had left the bar in St. Louis, gone to the airport, bought a plane ticket, flown to
Las Vegas, found a hotel, checked in, hung up his suit, shaved, and apparently functioned
perfectly well in the world, all while in blackout mode. That’s the way blackouts work. At or
around the 0.15 mark, the hippocampus shuts down and memories stop forming, but it is entirely
possible that the frontal lobes, cerebellum, and amygdala of that same drinker—at the same time
—can continue to function more or less normally.
“You can do anything in a blackout that you can do when you’re drunk,” White said.
You’re just not going to remember it. That could be ordering stuff on Amazon. People tell me
this all the time.…People can do very complicated things. Buy tickets, travel, all kinds of
things, and not remember.
It follows that it’s really hard to tell, just by looking at someone, whether they’ve blacked out.
It’s like trying to figure out if someone has a headache exclusively from the expression on their
face. “I might look a little drunk, I might look wasted, but I can talk to you,” White said.
I can have a conversation with you. I can go get us drinks. I can do things that require short-
term storage of information. I can talk to you about our growing up together.…Even wives of
hardcore alcoholics say they can’t really tell when their spouse is or is not in a blackout.
4
When Goodwin was doing his pioneering work in the 1960s, he assumed that only alcoholics
got blackout drunk. Blackouts were rare. Scientists wrote about them in medical journals the way
they would about a previously unknown disease. Take a look at the results of one of the first
comprehensive surveys of college drinking habits. It was conducted in the late 1940s and early
1950s, at twenty-seven colleges around the United States. Students were asked how much they
drank, on average, “at a sitting.” (For the purposes of the question, drinking amounts were
divided into three groups. “Smaller” meant no more than two glasses of wine, two bottles of
beer, or two mixed drinks. “Medium” was from three to five beers or glasses of wine, or three to
four mixed drinks. And “Larger” was anything above that.)
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