Beer
Male (%)
Female (%)
Smaller
46
73
Medium
45
26
Larger
9
1
Wine
Male (%)
Female (%)
Smaller
79
89
Medium
17
11
Larger
4
0
Spirits
Male (%)
Female (%)
Smaller
40
60
Medium
31
33
Larger
29
7
At these consumption levels, very few people are drinking enough to reach blackout.
Today, two things about that chart have changed. First, the heavy drinkers of today drink far
more than the heavy drinkers of fifty years ago. “When you talk to students [today] about four
drinks or five drinks, they just sort of go, ‘Pft, that’s just getting started,’” reports alcohol
researcher Kim Fromme. She says the heavy binge-drinking category now routinely includes
people who have had twenty drinks in a sitting. Blackouts, once rare, have become common.
Aaron White recently surveyed more than 700 students at Duke University. Of the drinkers in the
group, over half had suffered a blackout at some point in their lives, 40 percent had had a
blackout in the previous year, and almost one in ten had had a blackout in the previous two
weeks.
5
Second, the consumption gap between men and women, so pronounced a generation ago, has
narrowed considerably—particularly among white women. (The same trends aren’t nearly as
marked among Asians, Hispanics, or African Americans.)
“I think it’s an empowerment issue,” Fromme argues:
I do a lot of consulting work in the military, and it’s easier for me to see it there because in the
military the women are really put to the same standards as men in terms of their physical boot
camps and training and all of that. They have worked very hard to try to say, “We’re like the
men and therefore we can drink like the men.”
For physiological reasons, this trend has put women at greatly increased risk for blackouts. If
an American male of average weight has eight drinks over four hours—which would make him a
moderate drinker at a typical frat party—he would end up with a blood-alcohol reading of 0.107.
That’s too drunk to drive, but well below the 0.15 level typically associated with blackouts. If a
woman of average weight has eight drinks over four hours, by contrast, she’s at a blood-alcohol
level of 0.173. She’s blacked out.
6
It gets worse. Women are also increasingly drinking wine and spirits, which raise blood-
alcohol levels much faster than beer. “Women are also more likely to skip meals when they drink
than men,” White says.
Having a meal in your stomach when you drink reduces your peak BAC [blood-alcohol
concentration] by about a third. In other words, if you drink on an empty stomach you’re
going to reach a much higher BAC and you’re going to do it much more quickly, and if
you’re drinking spirits and wine while you’re drinking on an empty stomach, again higher
BAC much more quickly. And if you’re a woman, less body water [yields] higher BAC much
more quickly.
And what is the consequence of being blacked out? It means that women are put in a position
of vulnerability. Our memory, in any interaction with a stranger, is our first line of defense. We
talk to someone at a party for half an hour and weigh what we learned. We use our memory to
make sense of who the other person is. We collect things they’ve told us, and done, and those
shape our response. That is not an error-free exercise in the best of times. But it is a necessary
exercise, particularly if the issue at hand is whether you are going to go home with the person.
Yet if you can’t remember anything you’ve just learned, you are necessarily not making the
same-quality decision you would have if your hippocampus were still working. You have ceded
control of the situation.
“Let’s be totally clear: Perpetrators are the ones responsible for committing their crimes, and
they should be brought to justice,” critic Emily Yoffe writes in Slate:
But we are failing to let women know that when they render themselves defenseless, terrible
things can be done to them. Young women are getting a distorted message that their right to
match men drink for drink is a feminist issue. The real feminist message should be that when
you lose the ability to be responsible for yourself, you drastically increase the chances that
you will attract the kinds of people who, shall we say, don’t have your best interest at heart.
That’s not blaming the victim; that’s trying to prevent more victims.
And what of the stranger talking to you? He may not know you are blacked out. Maybe he
leans in and tries to touch you, and you stiffen. Then ten minutes later he circles back, a little
more artfully. Normally you would stiffen again, because you would recognize the stranger’s
pattern. But you don’t this second time, because you don’t remember the first time. And the fact
that you don’t stiffen in quite the same way makes the stranger think, under the assumption of
transparency, that you are welcoming his advances. Normally he would be cautious in acting on
that assumption: friendliness is not the same thing as an invitation to intimacy. But he’s drunk
too. He’s in the grip of alcohol myopia, and the kind of longer-term considerations that might
otherwise constrain his behavior (what happens to me tomorrow if I have misread this situation?)
have faded from view.
Does alcohol turn every man into a monster? Of course not. Myopia resolves high conflict: it
removes the higher-order constraints on our behavior. The reserved man, normally too shy to
profess his feelings, might blurt out some intimacy. The unfunny man, normally aware that the
world does not find his jokes funny, might start playing comedian. Those are harmless. But what
of the sexually aggressive teenager—whose impulses are normally kept in check by an
understanding of how inappropriate those behaviors are? A version of the same admonition that
Emily Yoffe gave to women can also be given to men:
But we are failing to let men know that when they render themselves myopic, they can do
terrible things. Young men are getting a distorted message that drinking to excess is a
harmless social exercise. The real message should be that when you lose the ability to be
responsible for yourself, you drastically increase the chances that you will commit a sexual
crime. Acknowledging the role of alcohol is not excusing the behavior of perpetrators. It’s
trying to prevent more young men from becoming perpetrators.
It is striking how underappreciated the power of myopia is. In the Washington Post/Kaiser
Family Foundation study, students were asked to list the measures they thought would be most
effective in reducing sexual assault. At the top of that list they put harsher punishment for
aggressors, self-defense training for victims, and teaching men to respect women more. How
many thought it would be “very effective” if they drank less? Thirty-three percent. How many
thought stronger restrictions on alcohol on campus would be very effective? Fifteen percent.
7
These are contradictory positions. Students think it is a good idea to be trained in self-defense,
and not such a good idea to clamp down on drinking. But what good is knowing the techniques
of self-defense if you’re blind drunk? Students think it’s a really good idea if men respect women
more. But the issue is not how men behave around women when they are sober. It is how they
behave around women when they are drunk, and have been transformed by alcohol into a person
who makes sense of the world around them very differently. Respect for others requires a
complicated calculation in which one party agrees to moderate their own desires, to consider the
longer-term consequences of their own behavior, to think about something other than the thing
right in front of them. And that is exactly what the myopia that comes with drunkenness makes it
so hard to do.
The lesson of myopia is really very simple. If you want people to be themselves in a social
encounter with a stranger—to represent their own desires honestly and clearly—they cannot be
blind drunk. And if they are blind drunk, and therefore at the mercy of their environment, the
worst possible place to be is an environment where men and women are grinding on the dance
floor and jumping on the tables. A Kappa Alpha fraternity party is not a Camban drinking circle.
“Persons learn about drunkenness what their societies import to them, and comporting
themselves in consonance with these understandings, they become living confirmations of their
society’s teachings,” Craig MacAndrew and Robert Edgerton conclude in their classic 1969
work Drunken Comportment. “Since societies, like individuals, get the sorts of drunken
comportment that they allow, they deserve what they get.”
8.
So: At the Kappa Alpha party at Stanford, sometime just after midnight, Emily Doe suffered a
blackout. That’s what happens when you begin your evening with a light dinner and four quick
shots of whiskey and a glass of champagne—followed by three or four shots of vodka in a red
Solo cup.
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