Rachel: Hey, what’s going on?
Chandler: Well, I think—I think—Ross knows about me and Monica.
Joey: Dude, he’s right there.
Ross: I thought you were my best friend! This is my sister! My best friend, and my sister! I
cannot believe this.
Did you follow all that? A standard Friends season had so many twists and turns of plot—and
variations of narrative and emotion—that it seems as though viewers would need a flowchart to
make sure they didn’t lose their way. In reality, however, nothing could be further from the truth.
If you’ve ever watched an episode of Friends, you’ll know that it is almost impossible to get
confused. The show is crystal clear. How clear? I think you can probably follow along even if
you turn off the sound.
The second of the puzzles that began this book was the bail problem. How is it that judges do
a worse job of evaluating defendants than a computer program, even though judges know a lot
more about defendants than the computer does? This section of Talking to Strangers is an
attempt to answer that puzzle, beginning with the peculiar fact of how transparent television
shows such as Friends are.
2.
To test this idea about the transparency of Friends, I contacted a psychologist named Jennifer
Fugate, who teaches at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. Fugate is an expert in
FACS, which stands for Facial Action Coding System.
1
In FACS, every one of the forty-three
distinctive muscle movements in the face is assigned a number, called an “action unit.” People
like Fugate who are trained in FACS can then look at someone’s facial expressions and score
them, just as a musician can listen to a piece of music and translate it into a series of notes on the
page.
So, for example, take a look at this photo:
That’s called a Pan-Am smile—the kind of smile a flight attendant gives you when he or she is
trying to be polite. When you give that kind of smile, you pull up the corners of your lips, using
what’s called the zygomaticus major muscle, but leave the rest of your face impassive. That’s
why the smile looks fake: It’s a smile without any kind of facial elaboration. In the FACS, the
Pan-Am smile using the zygomaticus major is scored as AU 12.
Now take a look at this:
This is what’s called a Duchenne smile. It’s what a genuine smile looks like. In technical terms,
it’s AU 12 plus AU 6—meaning that it is a facial movement involving the outer portion of the
orbicularis oculi muscle, raising the cheeks and creating those telltale crow’s-feet around the
eyes.
FACS is an extraordinarily sophisticated tool. It involves cataloging—in exacting detail—
thousands of muscular movements, some of which may appear on the face for no more than a
fraction of a second. The FACS manual is over five hundred pages long. If Fugate had done a
FACS analysis of the entire “Girl Who Hits Joey” episode, it would have taken her days, so I
asked her to focus just on that opening scene: Ross sees Chandler and Rachel embracing, then
rushes over in anger.
Here’s what she found.
When Ross looks through the cracked door and sees his sister in a romantic embrace with his
best friend, his face shows action units 10 + 16 + 25 + 26: That’s the upper-lip raiser (levator
labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis), the lower-lip depressor (depressor labii), parted lips
(depressor labii, relaxed mentalis or orbicularis oris), and jaw drop (relaxed temporal and internal
pterygoid).
In the FACS system, muscular movements are also given an intensity measure from A to E,
with A being mildest and E strongest. All of Ross’s four muscle movements, in that moment, are
Es. If you go back and watch that Friends episode, and freeze the screen at the moment when
Ross looks through the door frame, you’ll see exactly what the FACS coders are describing. He
has an unmistakable look on his face of anger and disgust.
Ross then rushes into Monica’s apartment. The tension in the scene is accelerating, and so are
Ross’s emotions. Now his face reads: 4C + 5D + 7C + 10E + 16E + 25E + 26E. Again, four Es!
“[AU] 4 is a brow-lowerer,” Fugate explains.
That’s what you do when you furrow your brow. Seven is an eye squint. It’s called “lid-
tightener.” He’s kind of scowling and closing his eyes at the same time, so that’s a stereotypic
anger. Then the 10 in this case is very classic for disgust. You kind of lift your upper lip, not
really moving the nose, but it gives the appearance that the nose is being turned up. The 16
sometimes happens with that. That’s a lower-lip depressor. That’s when you push your
bottom lip down so that you can see your bottom teeth.
Monica, at the door, tries to pretend nothing is amiss. She smiles at her brother. But it’s a Pan-
Am smile, not a Duchenne smile: some 12 and the barest, least-plausible whisper of 6.
Ross chases Chandler around the kitchen table. Chandler hides behind Monica, and as Ross
approaches, he says: “Look, we’re not just messing around. I love her. OK? I’m in love with
her.”
Then Monica reaches and takes Ross’s hand. “I’m so sorry that you had to find out this way.
I’m sorry. But it’s true, I love him too.”
There’s a long silence as Ross stares at the two of them, processing a storm of competing
emotions. Then he bursts into a smile, hugs them both, and repeats himself, only this time
happily: “My best friend, and my sister! I’m so happy!”
As Monica breaks the news to her brother, Fugate scores her as 1C + 2D + 12D. The 1 and 2,
in combination, are sadness: She’s raised the inner and outer parts of her eyebrows. 12D, of
course, is the emotionally incomplete Pan-Am smile.
“She kind of gives—as strange as that sounds—an indicator of sadness,” Fugate said, “but
then happiness. I think it kind of makes sense, because she’s apologizing, but then she’s showing
Ross that she’s actually okay with this.”
Ross looks at his sister for a long beat. His face scores classic sadness. Then his face subtly
shifts to 1E + 12D. He’s giving back to his sister the exact same mix of emotions she gave to
him: sadness combined with the beginnings of happiness. He’s losing his sister. But at the same
time, he wants her to know that he appreciates her joy.
Fugate’s FACS analysis tells us that the actors in Friends make sure that every emotion their
character is supposed to feel in their heart is expressed, perfectly, on their face. That’s why you
can watch the scene with the sound turned off and still follow along. The words are what make
us laugh, or what explain particular nuances of narrative. But the facial displays of the actors are
what carry the plot. The actors’ performances in Friends are transparent.
Transparency is the idea that people’s behavior and demeanor—the way they represent
themselves on the outside—provides an authentic and reliable window into the way they feel on
the inside. It is the second of the crucial tools we use to make sense of strangers. When we don’t
know someone, or can’t communicate with them, or don’t have the time to understand them
properly, we believe we can make sense of them through their behavior and demeanor.
3.
The idea of transparency has a long history. In 1872, thirteen years after first presenting his
famous treatise on evolution, Charles Darwin published The Expression of the Emotions in Man
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