2.
Let’s return, for a moment, to the theories of Tim Levine that I talked about in Chapter Three.
Levine, as you will recall, set up a sting operation for college students. He gave them a trivia test
to do. In the middle of it the instructor left the room, leaving the answers on her desk. Afterward,
Levine interviewed the students and asked them point-blank whether they had cheated. Some
lied. Some told the truth. Then he showed videos of those interviews to people and asked them if
they could spot the students who were lying.
Social scientists have done versions of this kind of experiment for years. You have a
“sender”—a subject—and a “judge,” and you measure how accurate the judge is at spotting the
sender’s lies. What Levine discovered is what psychologists always find in these cases, which is
that most of us aren’t very good at lie detection. On average, judges correctly identify liars 54
percent of the time—just slightly better than chance. This is true no matter who does the judging.
Students are terrible. FBI agents are terrible. CIA officers are terrible. Lawyers are terrible.
There may be a handful of “super-detectors” who beat the odds. But if there are, they are rare.
Why?
The first answer is the one we talked about in Chapter Three. We’re truth-biased. For what
turn out to be good reasons, we give people the benefit of the doubt and assume that the people
we’re talking to are being honest. But Levine wasn’t satisfied with that explanation. The problem
is clearly deeper than truth-default. In particular, he was struck by the finding that lies are most
often detected only after the fact—weeks, months, sometimes years later.
For example, when Scott Carmichael said to Ana Montes during their first meeting, “Look,
Ana. I have reason to suspect that you might be involved in a counterintelligence influence
operation,” she just sat there looking at him like a deer in the headlights. In retrospect,
Carmichael believed that was a red flag. If she had been innocent, she would have said
something—cried out, protested. But Montes? She “didn’t do a freaking thing except sit there.”
In the moment, however, Carmichael missed that clue. Montes was uncovered only by
chance, four years later. What Levine found is that we nearly always miss the crucial clues in the
moment—and it puzzled him. Why? What happens at the moment someone tells a lie that
specifically derails us? To find an answer, Levine went back to his tapes.
Here is a snippet of another of the videos Levine showed me. It’s of a young woman—let’s
call her Sally. Levine walked her through the straightforward questions without incident. Then
came the crucial moment:
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