Сўз туркумлари ҳақида

2. Nisbiy sifatlar (Relative adjectives)

Narsa buyumning turli belgilarini narsa, toy, vaqt va shu kabilarga bo‘lgan aloqasini ifodalab keluvchi sifatlar nisbiy sifatlar deyiladi. Masalan:

But she might be very miserable, she was so young, so freindless, so utterly alone among all those wooden people. (L.S p 8) –

2.2§. INGLIZ TILIDA SIFAT BILAN IFODALANGAN KESIM VA UNING SENTAKTIK SEMANTIK TAHLILI.
Gapda asosiy funksiyasidan biri bu – kesim vazifasida kelishidir. Kesim vazifasidagi sifatlar egani tо‘ldirib be, seem, look, feel, turn, get, become, grow va shunga о‘xshash kо‘p bog‘lovchi fe’llaridan keyin keladi. Mana shu sifat va bog‘lovchi fe’l birgalikda gapning kesimini tashkil qiladi va ulavr kesim vazifasidagi sifat deyiladi. Shuni alohida aytib о‘tish kerakki, sifatning о‘zi gapda kesim vazifasida bog‘lovchi fe’llarsiz kela olmaydi. Yoki aksincha bog‘lovchi fe’llari ham yakka о‘zi mustaqil kesim bо‘la olmaydi. Ular kesimning bir (kesim) qismi bо‘lib ishlatiladi. Bog‘lovchi fe’llarning mustaqil ma’nosi yо‘q. Gapda ham mustaqil funksiyasi bо‘lmaydi. Asosiy leksik ma’nosini esa ot, sifat yoki fe’l bilan ifodalangan ikkinchi (tarkibiy) qismi о‘z ichiga oladi (ot yoki fe’l kesimda) bog‘lovchi fe’lining muhim sintaktik funksiyasi bu – fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum shaklida ishlatilishdir. U о‘zida shaxs, son, mayl va zamonning predikativ kategoriyalarini ifodalydi.

Biz yuqorida I – bobda aytib о‘tganimizdek ya’ni 1 – bobning kesim va ularning turlari qismida predikativ nafaqat sifat bilan, balki ular ot, olmosh, predlogli ot yoki olmosh, son, infinitiv, gerundiy, ravish, sintaktik sо‘z birikmalari bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.

Bog‘lovchi fe’llar odatda yarim-yordamchi fe’llar deb aytiladi. (semi-auxiliary)

Yarim yordamchi fe’llar quyidagicha ishlatiladi.

A) Murakkab ot kesim tarkibida bog‘lovchi fe’l bо‘lib (to be, to become, to get, to remain, to appear va boshqalar)

The gross was young velvet (J.L)…it was a very fine day … (Brotite) The path grew steep … (GB) … he did not seem in the least tred (snow) Outside it was getting dark (E.H).

B) Murakkab fe’l-kesim tarkibida esa ta’xmin, ishonch, qobiliyat, majburiyat va boshqalarni ifodalaydi. (modal fe’llari: to be fe’li ham va to have fe’llari modal fe’lining ekvivalentini о‘rniga ishlatishi mumkin. Masalan: to intend, to want va boshqalar) yoki davom etish, takrorlash va harakatning tugashini ifodalaydi. (to begin, to continue, to stop va boshqlar)

“I can carry it quite easily thanks” (Bennett)

“You ought to take care of yourself” (J.G)

Oh mama, what can I do, what should I do to make us happier? (Ch.D) They were to go on Sunday morning by the seven o`clock train (Lavrence)

But she must have seen him (Cutack)

I wanted to tell her of the incident (Cronin)

Pegotty continued to stand motionless in the middle of the room (Ch.D)

We are just beginning to understand eack other a little (Harraden)

Odatda kesim vazifasidagi sifatlarning aksariyat qismi boshqa bog‘lovchi fe’llardan kо‘ra kо‘proq “to be” bilan ifodalanadi. Boshqa bog‘lovchi fe’llar ham “to be” bog‘lovchi о‘rnida kela oladi va sо‘zning semanikasi (ma’no-mazmuni) о‘zgarmaydi. Masalan:

The sea become low (D.D)

Yuqoridagi fe’llarni isbotlash uchun transformatsiya yordamida ya’ni became bog‘lovchi fe’li to be bilan almashtirish orqali isbotlanadi. Masalan:

The sea was low

Biz ayrim gaplarda “to be” bog‘lovchi fe’lining tushib qolgan holatini ham uchratishimiz mumkin. Masalan: consider, believen, find kabi fe’llaridan keyin tо‘ldiruvchining bir qismi bо‘lib ishlatiladi.

We found the place absolutely delight ful (= We found that the place was absolutely delight ful)

Sifatlar fe’lning shaxsi ma’lum murakkab gaplarida eganing bir qismi bо‘lishi mumkin.

Whether the minister will resiga is still uncertain yoki fe’lning shaxsi noma’lum murakkab gaplarda ishlatilishi mumkin.

Driving a bus isn’t so easy as you may think. Shunga о‘xshab sifatlar murakkab gaplarda tо‘ldiruvchining bir qismi bо‘la olishi ham mumkin.

Yuqorida ishlatilgan awful, deleghtful, uncertain, easy va foolish kabi fe’llar ham aniqlovchi, ham kesim vazifasida ishlatilgan

Ayrim sifatlar guruxi odatda kesim holatiga cheklangan. Bunday guruxlardan biri haqidagi sifatlar (health adjectives) ya’ni bu sifatlar doimiy holatdan kо‘ra vaqtinchalik holatni nazarda tutgan holda aniqlovchi vazifasida emas, balki kesim vazifasida ishlatiladi. Bundan kelib chiqqan holda sifatlar “sog‘liq”ga tegishli bо‘ladi. I’ll va well sifatlari zamonaviy ingliz tilida aniqlovchi vazifasida emas, balki faqt kesim vazifasida ishlatiladi.

I’m feeling very well. Aunt Augusta (wilde) … my poor friend Bumbary is very ill again (W)

Eskilik sachqitlarini aniqlovchi ill sifatini ayrim iborali birikmalarda uchratishimiz mumkin: ill luck ill news, ill wind:

Ill news travels fast. It is an ill wind that blows no good

Well

All is well that ends well

She fwlt faint

You look well

Ye’s seriously ill (sick “kо‘proq Amer.i”) sick sifati har ikkala “BritI” va “AmerI” da ham aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi.

He’s a very sick man

Yuqorida aytib о‘tganimizdek “sog‘liqni sifatlari” ya’ni doimiy holatdan kо‘ra, vaqtinchalik holat kо‘proq nazarda tutiladi:

How is your mother today?

Qiyoslanuvchi healthy yoki sick aniqlovchi sifatlari har ikkalasi ham kо‘proq doimiy holatda ifodalanadi.

Faint sifati aniqlovchi vazifasida kela oladi. Ammo, quyidagi misolda bunday ma’noda kelmagan.

There’s a very faint hope of finding him alive

a – bilan boshlanadigan bir gurux sifatlari bо‘lib, ular har doim faqat kesim bо‘la oladi. Gapda ularning aniqlovchilari vazifadosh bо‘lib keladi.

that child is afraid - It’s a frightened child

These two men are a like - -

These problems are like - they are similar problem

Thanks goodness! He is alive - -

This tree is alive - it’s a living tree

The old lady lives alone - she’s a lonely old lady

I am ashamed - -

The dog is a shep - let sleeping dogs lie

Now it’s awake - -

Shu narsani aytib kerakki, alone sifati vaqtinchalik holatni bildiradi, lonely esa doimiy hususiyatni kо‘proq ifodalaydi. Quyidagilar shu turdagi sifatlar hisoblanadi: ablare, adrift, afire, afloat, aghast, alight.

Yana bir a – bilan boshlanadigan predikativni sifati bо‘lgan aware sо‘zining gapda tо‘ldiruvchisi bо‘lavdi.


Quyidagi boshqa gurux predikativ sifatlari doimo ibora yoki gap bо‘lib ifodalanadi.

We are very fond of her (= We like her very much)

He is ready to do it ( He is prepared to do it)

I am afraid that you’re mistaken (=I fear that you are mistaken)

Biz kо‘proq shunga e’tibor qaratishimiz kerakki,

Most of the committiee mumbres were present at the meeting

Shunga о‘xshash kо‘p sifatlar otdan oldin kela oladi ammo ular turli xil ma’noda ishlatiladi.

A ready answer (=an answer which has given readily)

She present situation (=the situation at the present time)

Xullas sifat haqida umumiy ma’lumotlar shular.