Сўз туркумлари ҳақида

Noyadroviy predikativ bog‘lanish – Yadroviy predikativ bog‘lanishga о‘xshab ketadi. Noyadroviy predikativ bog‘lanishda gap bо‘laklari xuddi ega va kesim о‘rtasidagi bog‘lanish singari bir-biri bilan bog‘lanadi. Ushbu bog‘lanish gapning qaysidir bir bо‘lagiga tobe bо‘ladi.



_{1 (2) 2 3 4}

1. I got angry listening to him (NW-179)

1 2 3 4
NP₁ NP₂ DP₁ DP<sub>2

1 2 3 4</sub>

2. You make me sick

1 2 3 4
NP₁ NP₂ DP₁ DP<sub>2

1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6</sub>

3. They consider working so hard is foolish

1 2 3 4 5 6

NP₁ NP₂ DP₁ D₁ D₂ DP₂
Subordinativ bog‘lanish. Subordinativ yoki tobe bog‘lanish gapning strukturasi asosini tashkil qilmaydi. Yoki predikativ bog‘lanishdan farqli u bir tomonlama yо‘nalishga ega. uning komponent modeli ya’ni to be komponentdir (d) masalan buni kо‘rsatish uchun tushirib qoldirish metodi transformatsiyaga e’tibor qaratish lozim.
_{1 (2) (2) (2) 3}

1. She is growing worse day by day (HM p-234)

1 2 3

S he is growing worse day by day (is growing worse) day by day

Kо‘rib turganimizdek berilgan gapda 3 ta komponent bо‘lib, she ega, is growing worse – kesim (murakkab ot-kesim grew – bog‘lovchi fe’l, worse – sifat tuzilishiga kо‘ra oddiy ma’nosiga kо‘ra qiyosiy daraja). Shuni alohida ta’kidlab о‘tish kerakki, misolda predikativ funksiyasida kelgan sifatning negizi butunlay о‘zgarib ketgan va “to be” fe’lining “is” shakli bu yerda bog‘lovchi sifatida emas, balki gap hozirgi zamon davom fe’lida bо‘lganligi uchun ishlatilgan. Bog‘lama esa “grow” hisoblanadi.

Day by day sо‘zlari gapda ibora sifatida kelgan. Agar ularni ajratib alohida komponent qilib olsak, hech qanday ma’no anglatmaydi. Shuning uchun ular ajralmas hisoblanadi.

“Grow” ning о‘rniga “become” yoki “get” bog`lamasini qo`ysa ham ma’no o`zgarmaydi.

She is getting worse day by day.

She is becoming worse day by day

_{1 2 (3) 3 4 5}

2. I often get angry talking to him (WWR p-134)

1 2 3 4 5

NP₁ D₁ NP₂ D₂ D₃
I often get angry talking to him ….

O ften get angry talking to him I…. talking to him I often get angry

Quite – ravish o`rniga so very rather too most ravishlarini qo`yib ishlatish mumkin.

T o see motionless figures was quite wonderful … motionless figures was quite wonderful To see motionless figures … To see … was quite wonderful

_{1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6}

5. My own interest in the new drug was great

1 2 3 4 5 6

D₁ D₂ NP₁ D₃ D₄ NP₂
Koordinativ bog‘lanish. Yuqorida kо‘rsatilgan bog‘lanishlardan tashqari yana biri sintaktik bog‘lanish koordinativ bog‘lanishda, u gaplarning bir xil bо‘lakli komponentlarini bor bо‘lishini bildiradi. Quyidagi predikativ funksiyasi misolida

_{1 (2) 2 3}

1. She was young brilliant

1 2 3

NP₁ NP₂ HP₂

Yuniksion modelida kо‘rinib turibdiki, gapning 2 va 3 komponentlari bir yadroviy predikativ komponent bilan emas xatto о‘zaro uyushgan ya’ni koordinativ bog‘langan.

Koordinativ bog‘lanishning hususiyati shundaki, uni ifodalash, bog‘lash sifatida qarama-qarshi sifatida va ayiruvchi bog‘lovchilar sifatida ishlatiladi.

Y. G. Bryanbaum teng bog‘lovchilar haqida quyidagilarni yozadi. Teng bog‘lovchi yordamchi sо‘z sifatila juda kerakki u bir xil bо‘lakli sо‘zlarni bog‘laydi. Unda bu bog‘lovchini kiritish bilan birdan gapning bir xil bо‘lagi ekanini bildiradi. Xar hil biriktirilgan koordinativ bog‘lash elementlari odatda gapda hech qanaqa grammatik buzilishsiz tushirib qoldirish mumkin.

T o person and Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive

To person… Mr Watkins was less aggressive

To … Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive

Shu yerda shuni aytib о‘tish joizki, yuqoridagi misolning kesimi – was less aggressive bо‘lib aggressive sifati yasama sifat hisoblanadi. Less, esa qiyosiy daraja emas balki egressive sifatini aniqlab infornatsiyani kamaytirish uchun ishlatilgan:
_{1 2 3 (4) 4}

To person and Wainwright Mr Watkins was less aggressive (HW p-136)

1 2 3 4

HP₁ HP₂ NP₁ NP₂

Quyidagi oxirgi misolga diqqatimizni qaratadigan bо‘lsak, kamdan-kam misollarda biz fe’llarning tushib qolgan xolatini kuzatamiz ya’ni murakkab tо‘ldiruvchi bilan ifodalangan bо‘lsa biz murakkab tо‘ldiruvchining ikki qismdan: bosh kelishikdagi ot va obyekt kelishigidagi olmoshdan iboratligini bilamiz. Murakkab tо‘ldiruvchi odatda beshta sezgi fe’llari bilan ishlatiladi.

To see, to watch, to hear, to notice, to fell

Bunga qо‘shimcha qilib biz make va let fe`llarini ham kiritamiz. Misolda biz make ni “majburlamoq” deb tarjima qilamiz. Fe`llarimizning isboti sifatida biz tushib qolgan bog`lovchini qo`yib ko`ramiz.

He made them to be bigger and better

He made them get bigger and better

Opozitiv sintaksem bog`lanish bir komponenti ikkinchi komponent bilan biriktiradi va gapning ikkinchi komponenti orqali uchinchisiga bog`laydi. Yuniksion modelida appozitiv bog`lanish ohiridagi strelka chizig`I bilan emas balki o`rtasida beriladi.

_{1 (2) 2 3 4}

There was red in his cheeks

NP₁ NP₂ D₁ D₂
Yuniksion modelda kо‘rinib turibdiki sintaktik appozitiv bog‘lanish bir komponenti ikkinchisi bilan u orqali uchinchisi bilan biriktiradi. Sintaktik appozitiv komponentining kesim bilan bog‘lanishini tushirib qoldirish eksprimenti bilan tasdiqlanadi.

There at the table he sat asleep … at the table he sat asleep … there … he sat asleep.

Introduktiv bog‘lanish kirish sо‘zlari orqali ifodalangan bog‘lanish hisoblanadi. Masalan: At first, so, may be, of course, perhaps, at last ….

_{1 (2) 2 3 4}

You’ill manage it of course

NP₁ NP₂ D₁
Biz yuqorida elementar sintaktik birlikdan biri gapning komponenti strukturasini misollar orqali ozmi, kо‘pmi kо‘rib chiqdik. Endi elementar sintaktik birlikning ikkinchisi gapning sintaksemali strukturasini kо‘rib chiqamiz. “Sintksema” tushunchasini Moskvalik professor Zolotova ham о‘z nazariy asarlarida ishlatgan.

Kо‘p nazariyalar orqali sintaksis semantika 80 dan ortiq kategoriyalarni о‘z ichiga oladi deb ta’kidlangan.

Ammo biz A. M. Muxin nazariyasiga kо‘ra 3 ta katta sintaksis semantik kategoriyalarga bо‘lamiz. Ular:

Substansiya (narsani bildiruvchi), Kualikativ (narsaning hususiyati) va Protsessual (ish-harakatni) о‘z navbatida ularni xam kichik kategoriyalarga bо‘lamiz.

Lokativ (joyni) Temporal (vaqt) Stativ (xolat), Reliativ (nisbiy belgilarni) va xokazolar.

Lokativ sintaksemi lokativ belgisini о‘rin joyini, narsa yoki ish-harakatning va jarayonning sodir bо‘ladigan joyini kо‘rsatadi. Uni misollar orqali kuzatamiz.

1. I was asleep in my little room (HW P-48)

2. Shefford got a friendly getting from bishop (ZG p-18)

3. The door were shut from outside (MG p-100)

4. Cold dregs looked pasty in the cup (MGp-137)

5. He become motionless on hands and knees (HWp-97)