Study Notes management accounting acca f2


Return on capital employed (ROCE)



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Study Notes MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING ACCA F

Return on capital employed (ROCE): 
ROCE is probably the most popular ratio for measuring 
general management performance in relation to the capital invested in the business. Also known 
as
 
Return on investment (ROI). ROI is normally used for divisional or investment centre 
performance appraisal. This ratio expresses profits earned as a proportion of capital employed. It 
illustrates how efficiently the company is using its capital to generate profits. 
ROCE = Profit before interest and tax OR Net Profit x 100 
Capital employed 


F2 Management Accounting
Page 112 of 147 
Capital employed = Net Assets = Fixed Assets + Current Assets – Current liabilities 
Average Capital employed
should be used. This is because if the company has purchased 
assets near the year end, they will be included in the capital employed figure increasing the value 
of the capital employed figure but the profits will only show one or two months of the assets 
contribution in generating profits. Comparisons of ROCE can be made between different years or 
different companies. 

RESIDUAL INCOME (RI): 
It is the measure of the centre’s profits after deducting a notional 
interest cost. It can be calculated as 
Residual income = (profit before interest and tax + profit from any other investments) – (Total 
capital employed x notional interest charge) 
Notional interest is also called imputed interest.
Important:
 
the amount of total capital employed is calculated by including
 
the non-operational 
investments as well. 
Advantages and disadvantages of residual income
Advantages

It makes divisional managers aware of the cost of financing their divisions. 

It is an absolute measure of performance and not subject to the problems of relative 
measures such as return on investment. 

In the long run it supports the net present value approach to investment appraisal (the 
present value of a project’s residual income equals net present value of that project). 
Disadvantages
▪ Residual income gives the symptoms not the causes of problems. If residual income falls the 
figures give little clue as to why. 
▪ Problems exist in comparing the performance of different sized divisions (large divisions will 
earn larger residual incomes simply due to their size). 
▪ Residual income when applied on a short term basis is a short term measure of performance 
and may lead managers to overlook projects whose payoffs are long term. This could well be 
the case for the hotel chain. 


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