NOTE
1.
the stage-coaches
—почтовые кареты (дилижансы)
2.
flanged wheels
—колеса с гребнем (круговым выступом, удерживающим колесо
на рельсе)
3.
sides ar.d ends
—боковые и торцевые стенки вагона
4.
the box car
— крытый грузовой вагон
5.
the gondola car
—полувагон
6.
the hopper car
—вагон-хоппер (с разгрузочными люками в полу)
7.
a double-deck car
—двухъярусный вагон
8.
four-wheel trucks
—двухосные тележки вагона
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1
carriage
['kæridз]
п
пассажирский вагон;
Yo’lovchi vagoni
2
wagon
['wægən]
n
грузовой вагон
Yuk vagoni
3
top
[tכp]
п
верх, верхняя часть
Teppa qismi, usti
4
bottom ['bכtəm]
n
низ, нижняя часть; дно
Tub qismi, tubi
5
pull
[pul]
v
тянуть, тащить
Tortmoq
6
cover
['kΛvə]
v
покрывать, закрывать
Yopmoq, qoplamoq
7
protect
[prə'tekt]
v
защищать,предохранять
Himoyalamoq
8
general
['dзenərəl]
а
общий; обычный; главный
Umumiy
9
gener
ally
adv
обычно; главным образом Umuman
10 roof
[ru:f]
п
Крыша
Tom
11 floor
[flכ:]
n
Пол
Pol
12 tank
[tænk]
n
бак, цистерна
Bak,sisterna
13 liquid
['likwid]
n
жидкость
Suyuqlik
14 through
[0ru:]
prep
сквозь, через; с помощью
Orqali
15 empty
['empti]
а
пустой, порожний;
v
разгружать
Bo’sh , bo’shatmoq
16 convey
[kən'vei]
v
перевозить, перемещать
Tashimoq, olib
o’tmoq
17 durable
['djuərəbl]
а
прочный, долговечный
Chidamli
18 breakage
['breikidз]
n
поломка, авария
Buzilish
19 sure
[fu:ə]
а
несомненный; уверенный
Ishonchli
20 compartment
[kəm'patmənt]
n
купе; отделение
Kupe
21 seat
[sit]
n
сиденье, место;
v
вмещать
O’rindiq
22 either
['аiðə]
а
каждый, любой
Har qaysi
23 light
[lait]
n
свет;
v
освещать;
Yorug’lik
24 heat
[hi:t]
n
тепло, теплота;
v
нагревать
Issiqlik
25 look like
['luk 'laik]
v
походить (на)
O’xshamoq
26 body
['bכdi]
n
кузов, корпус; тело
Tana,korpus
27 familiar
[fə'miliər]
а
знакомый, известный
Tanish, mashhur
28 mount
[maunt]
v
монтировать, устанавливать O’rnatmoq
29 arrange
[ə'rindз]
v
располагать, размещать
Joylashtirmoq
30 arrangement
n
размещение; устройство
Jihoz,joylash
31 resist
[n'zist]
v
сопротивляться,
противодействовать
Qarshilik qilmoq
32 performance
[pə'fo:məns]
n
работа (машины); КПД,
производительность;
эксплуатационные качества
Ishlab chiqaruvchi
belgi, ekspluatatsiya
sifati
33 seem
[si:m]
v
казаться;
O’xshamoq
34 likely
['laikli
adv
вероятно;
а
вероятный
Ehtimol
35 involve
[m'vכlv]
v
требовать, влечь за собой
O’z ichiga olmoq,
LESSON 10. THEME: IN SEARCH OF HIGHER SPEEDS
I
(1) The advance of transportation took a long time and scores of talented engineers did
all in their power to develop the transportation system people have now at their disposal.
But man never stops at what he has reached, and what seems fantastic today turns out to be
quite realizable tomorrow.
(2) Speed has always been a highly desirable goal for the engineers in their attempts to
perfect the existing means of rail transport. This problem is of particular significance when
it comes to developing a passenger transportation system. Railway history knows many
examples when test runs of modified or newly designed trains resulted in speed records. They
prove that the possibilities of high speeds have not yet been exhausted.
(3) Were it possible to design a train running at the speeds of the aircraft, railways
could successfully compete with aviation. At the same time, it is desirable that the new
train should run over the existing tracks without requiring costly reconstruction or frequent
renewals of the permanent way.
(4) In this respect, the Soviet-made ER-200 train now operating on a commercial basis
is worfii mentioning. This train meets the requirements of high speeds, safety and passenger
comfort. A lot of preparatory work had to be done on the Oktyabrskaya Railway before the
ER-200 was put into service. Running on some sections at 200 kph, the train covers a distance
of 650 km between Moscow and Leningrad in 4 hours 39 minutes thus cutting the journey
time by 4 hours compared with the previous schedules.
(5) Many latest achievements of railway technology have been incorporated in the new
Soviet express train. The stream-lined shape of the whole train cuts down air friction and
allows higher speeds to be attained. The driving compartment being equipped with cab
signalling, the driver has, at all times, signals displayed before him. The job of the locomotive
driver has been greatly facilitated. Pushing a controller
1
is all he must do to start or brake down
the train.
(6) The coaches the ER-200 is composed of are extremely comfortable, being
supplied with air-conditioning, sound-proof windows and soft aircraft-like seats. The
passengers who happen to travel by the new Soviet express have snack-bars at their disposal.
Their journey is accompanied by background music.
(7) Another high-speed train of interest is the British Advanced Passenger Train
(APT). The remarkable feature of this 200 kph train is its ability to go round curves safely
at speeds 40 per cent faster than those now acceptable for conventional trains and do it
without causing discomfort to passengers. This ability was due to a special suspension of
the train body. Another key feature of the APT was its ability to stop from 200 kph within a
considerably shorter distance than that allowed for 160 kph trains. Besides, lightweight alloys
were to help it travel faster and save a considerable amount of energy needed for its
propulsion. However, numerous technical innovations incorporated in its design involved so
many problems and risk that the British Railways authorities found it cheaper to take this
train out of service,
II
(8) One more proposition for new nigh-speed ground, transport is contactless
systems which show great promise fast regards speeds. These systems may be divided into
two
principal types: the air-cushion system and the magnetic suspension system. Both, of, them
have one feature in common:
2
there is a thin film of air between the vehicle and the track
which can be provided either by turbo-jet engines or by powerful magnets.
(9) Serious investigations in these systems are being carried on in France, Britain,
Japan, the USSR, the USA and Canada. But it is France that has succeeded in creating the
world's first practical version of a train riding on an air cushion. The train being now operated
commercially has already reached 186 mph. Successful as it is,
3
the air-cushion train is
unlikely to be 'acceptable in densely-populated areas because of noise and air pollution.
(10) It is magnetically-suspended vehicles that seem to be more advantageous. These
vehicles are suspended above the track by electromagnetic attraction or repulsion and
propelled by electric motors of special design. There being no metal friction, very little power
would be required for propulsion. Being silent in operation, the magnetically-suspended
vehicles would be suitable forsuburban and city areas. Besides, they are pollution-free and
thus have not undesirable effects on the environment.
(11) It should be mentioned, however, that one of the main obstacles on the way to
introducing contactless transport is that it needs a specially designed concrete track.
(12) In this respect, the so-called Corridor system recently designed in the USA is more
advantageous for high- speed intercity passenger service. The system is intended' for
carrying several thousands of passengers in an hour between Boston and Washington
and is based on a few simple calculations: (1) The maximum speed along the Corridor must
be something about 400 mph. To attain this speed the train should be protected from ice
and from the objects which might fall on its path. That's why the train should travel in a tube.
(2) To eliminate air friction, most of the air should be pumped out of the tube. For heavy
continuous traffic a pair of tubes would, be needed. (3) The air at atmospheric pressure should
be admitted behind the train to accelerate it; a similar effect could-decelerate the train to a stop.
(4) Each train would .he half a mile long and would run on conventional steel wheels.
(13) Although very costly, the Corridor system is likely to offer a number of economic
benefits in addition to numerous conveniences to travellers.
I
(1) Transportning rivojlanishi uzoq vaqt talab qildi va ko'plab iste'dodli muhandislar
odamlarning ixtiyorida bo'lgan transport tizimini rivojlantirish uchun bor kuchlarini
sarfladilar. Ammo inson hech qachon erishgan narsasida to'xtamaydi va bugun fantastik
ko'ringan narsa ertaga amalga oshishi mumkin bo'ladi.
(2) Mavjud temir yo'l transportini takomillashtirishga urinishlarida muhandislar uchun
tezlik har doim juda orzu qilingan maqsad bo'lib kelgan. Bu muammo yo‘lovchi tashish
tizimini rivojlantirishda alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Temir yo'l tarixida o'zgartirilgan yoki
yangi ishlab chiqilgan poyezdlarning sinovi tezligi qayd etilganiga ko'p misollar bor. Ular
yuqori tezlik imkoniyatlari hali tugamaganligini isbotlaydilar.
(3) Agar samolyot tezligida harakatlanadigan poezdni loyihalash mumkin bo'lsa, temir
yo'llar aviatsiya bilan muvaffaqiyatli raqobatlasha oladi. Shu bilan birga, yangi poyezdning
re¬konstruksiya va doimiy yo‘lni tez-tez yangilab turishni talab qilmasdan, mavjud yo‘llar
bo‘ylab harakatlanishi maqsadga muvofiqdir.
(4) Shu nuqtai nazardan, hozirda tijorat asosida ishlayotgan Sovet Ittifoqida ishlab
chiqarilgan ER-200 poyezdini eslatib o'tish mumkin. Ushbu poyezd yuqori tezlik, xavfsizlik
va yo‘lovchilar uchun qulaylik talablariga javob beradi. ER-200 foydalanishga topshirilgunga
qadar Oktyabr temir yo'lida juda ko'p tayyorgarlik ishlari olib borilishi kerak edi. Ayrim
uchastkalarda soatiga 200 km tezlikda harakatlanadigan poyezd Moskva va Leningrad
o‘rtasidagi 650 km masofani 4 soat 39 daqiqada bosib o‘tadi va shu bilan oldingi jadvalga
nisbatan yo‘l vaqtini 4 soatga qisqartiradi.
(5) Temir yo'l texnologiyasining ko'plab so'nggi yutuqlari yangi sovet tezyurar
poyezdiga kiritilgan. Butun poezdning oqimli shakli havo ishqalanishini kamaytiradi va yuqori
tezlikka erishishga imkon beradi. Haydovchi kabina signalizatsiyasi bilan jihozlangan bo'lib,
haydovchi har doim uning oldida signallarni ko'rsatadi. Lokomotiv mashinistining ishi ancha
osonlashdi. Poyezdni ishga tushirish yoki tormozlash uchun u faqat boshqaruvchini itarishi
kerak.
(6) ER-200 vagonlari juda qulay, konditsioner, ovoz o'tkazmaydigan oynalar va
samolyotga o'xshash yumshoq o'rindiqlar bilan ta'minlangan. Yangi sovet ekspressida sayohat
qilgan yo'lovchilar ixtiyorida snack-barlar mavjud. Ularning sayohati fon musiqasi bilan birga
keladi.
(7) Yana bir qiziqish uyg'otadigan tezyurar poyezd - Britaniya Advanced Passenger
Train (APT). Ushbu 200 km/soat tezlikdagi poyezdning diqqatga sazovor xususiyati shundaki,
u oddiy poyezdlar uchun qabul qilinadigan tezlikdan 40 foizga tezroq egri chiziq bo‘ylab
xavfsiz aylanib, yo‘lovchilarga noqulaylik tug‘dirmaydi. Bu qobiliyat poezd tanasining
maxsus to'xtatilishi bilan bog'liq edi. APT ning yana bir muhim xususiyati uning soatiga 200
km dan 160 km tezlikdagi poyezdlar uchun ruxsat etilganidan ancha qisqaroq masofada
to‘xtash qobiliyati edi. Bundan tashqari, engil qotishmalar uning tezroq harakatlanishiga
yordam berishi va harakatlanishi uchun zarur bo'lgan energiyani sezilarli darajada tejashi
kerak edi. Biroq, uning dizayniga kiritilgan ko'plab texnik yangiliklar shu qadar ko'p
muammolar va xavflarni o'z ichiga oldiki, Britaniya temir yo'llari ma'murlari ushbu poezdni
xizmatdan chiqarishni arzonroq deb topdilar.
II
(8) Yangi yaqin tezlikdagi yer uchun yana bir taklif, transport - bu tezlikka
nisbatan katta va'da beradigan kontaktsiz tizimlar. Ushbu tizimlarni ikkiga bo'lish mumkin
asosiy turlari: havo yostig'i tizimi va magnit suspenziya tizimi. Ikkalasining ham
umumiy xususiyati bor: 2 avtomobil va yo'l o'rtasida turbo-reaktiv dvigatellar yoki kuchli
magnitlar bilan ta'minlanishi mumkin bo'lgan yupqa havo plyonkasi mavjud.
(9) Frantsiya, Buyuk Britaniya, Yaponiya, SSSR, AQSh va Kanadada ushbu tizimlar
bo'yicha jiddiy tekshiruvlar olib borilmoqda. Ammo aynan Frantsiya havo yostig'ida
harakatlanadigan poezdning dunyodagi birinchi amaliy versiyasini yaratishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.
Hozirda tijorat maqsadida harakatlanayotgan poyezd soatiga 186 milyaga yetdi.
Muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsa-da, havo yostig'i poezdi shovqin va havoning ifloslanishi tufayli aholi
zich joylashgan hududlarda qabul qilinishi dargumon.
(10) Magnit osilgan transport vositalari ko'proq afzalroq ko'rinadi. Ushbu transport
vositalari elektromagnit tortishish yoki itarish orqali yo'l ustida to'xtatiladi va maxsus
konstruktsiyali elektr motorlar bilan harakatlanadi. Metall ishqalanish bo'lmasa, harakatlanish
uchun juda oz kuch kerak bo'ladi. Ishlashda jim bo'lgan magnit osilgan transport vositalari
shahar atrofi va shahar hududlari uchun mos keladi. Bundan tashqari, ular ifloslanmaydi va
shuning uchun atrof-muhitga kiruvchi ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi.
(11) Ammo shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, kontaktsiz transportni joriy etish yo'lidagi asosiy
to'siqlardan biri bu maxsus ishlab chiqilgan beton yo'lga muhtojligidir.
(12) Shu nuqtai nazardan, yaqinda AQShda ishlab chiqilgan Koridor deb ataladigan
tizim shaharlararo yo'lovchilarga yuqori tezlikda xizmat ko'rsatish uchun ko'proq foydalidir.
Tizim Boston va Vashington oʻrtasida soatiga bir necha ming yoʻlovchini tashish uchun
moʻljallangan va bir necha oddiy hisob-kitoblarga asoslanadi: (1) Korridor boʻylab maksimal
tezlik taxminan 400 mil/soat boʻlishi kerak. Ushbu tezlikka erishish uchun poezdni muzdan va
uning yo'liga tushishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalardan himoya qilish kerak. Shuning uchun poezd
trubkada harakatlanishi kerak. (2) Havoning ishqalanishini bartaraf qilish uchun havoning ko'p
qismini trubadan chiqarish kerak. Og'ir doimiy transport uchun bir juft naycha kerak bo'ladi.
(3) Atmosfera bosimidagi havo uni tezlashtirish uchun poezd orqasiga kiritilishi kerak; shunga
o'xshash ta'sir poezdni to'xtashgacha sekinlashtirishi mumkin. (4) Har bir poyezdning uzunligi
yarim milyani tashkil qiladi va an'anaviy po'lat g'ildiraklarda yurar edi.
(13) Garchi juda qimmat bo'lsa-da, Yo'lak tizimi sayohatchilarga ko'plab qulayliklarga
qo'shimcha ravishda bir qator iqtisodiy imtiyozlarni taqdim etishi mumkin.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |