4
exploitation, disproportionate contributions and sacrifices in the development of the
Wittenoom mine from their perspective. My interest had, however, also
been sparked
because I am a child of post-war Italian migrants. Conducting this research would be a way
of revisiting and vicariously reframing and recording my own family’s social history, which
mirrors that of the participants in this research in so many ways.
Both my grandfathers were typical of early twentieth century Italian emigrants in
search of work to escape the hardships they faced. My maternal grandfather immigrated to
North America as an adolescent after the death of his mother. During his absence all but one
of his siblings died. Subsequently his surviving brother was killed in World War 1. Meanwhile
my paternal grandfather went to South America on at least two occasions to
bring much
needed money to support his family of seven children and my grandmother; six other
children died from various illnesses prevalent in the early 1900s. Eventually both my
grandfathers repatriated to Sicily, in contrast to my parents who migrated to Australia
permanently.
My father came to Australia in the early 1950s. He had responded to Australian
government circulars placed on the walls of his village advertising work opportunities, leaving
behind his young wife and eighteen month old daughter. His plan was to work hard for two
years, save enough money for their
sistemazione and then return home to his family. Yet like
many other Italians, he decided opportunities were much better in Australia. My mother and
sister joined him there eighteen months later. Four years later my parents had two more
children: I was born within two years of my mother’s arrival, followed twenty months later by
my brother. My family’s narrative contains many of the experiences found in the stories of the
Wittenoom Italians:
working in dirty industries, having to work second jobs and overtime;
experiencing racism; and having little recourse to help when treated unjustly, among others.
In recording the sacrifices and contributions made by the Wittenoom Italians, this
research has allowed me indirectly to acknowledge those of my parents. My family’s
migration experiences have been much more fortunate in contrast to those of the Italians
who endured exploitation and tragedy as a result of having worked or lived in Wittenoom.
The Italians who went to Wittenoom (and for that matter my parents) had no knowledge of
5
the health dangers associated
with exposure to asbestos, despite what was already known
by the 1950s about asbestos-related diseases
The earliest recorded knowledge of the hazards of asbestos and pulmonary disease
goes back to the time of Christ, in around 1 A.D. The Romans introduced
transparent bladder
skins as respirators for their slaves to avoid the inhalation of dust or more likely to decrease
the amount inhaled as they wove the asbestos fibre in the production of textiles. The U.S.
legal expert Barry Castleman made the suggestion that the respirators extended the lives of
Roman slaves because “While the Romans did not have pathologists with microscopes or
the science of radiology available to them, they saw the gross effects of asbestos inhalation
on their workers”. However, medical literature on the risks of asbestos only dates from the
1890s, some twenty or so years after asbestos mining commenced again.
1
As the twentieth century advanced, the growing number of research findings
correlating asbestos exposure with asbestosis (scarring of the lung tissue after high
levels of
exposure), lung cancer (which developed in the lining of the lung’s airways) and
mesothelioma (a cancer of the lining of the chest or abdomen) prompted media attention and
debates worldwide.
2
These findings called into question the use of asbestos and the lack of
effective precautions to safeguard workers’ health. By the 1960s Dr Irving Selikoff in New
York was warning that exposure to asbestos was dangerous no matter how trivial the
amount. The inertia of governments and the financial and legal resources of powerful
asbestos corporations meant that the use of the mineral continued well into the twentieth
century. For many decades the global asbestos industry successfully concealed that it had
knowingly exposed workers and their families to the risk of contracting asbestos-related
disease. It was only once lawyers could prove the industry’s negligence that victims began to
pursue damages claims successfully in the courts. CSR, who took over the Wittenoom blue
asbestos mine in Western Australia in 1943, became part of this conflicted landscape.
3
1
Castleman, B.I. (1996),
Asbestos: Medical and Legal aspects (4th edn.; Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Aspen
Law & Business), pp. 1-2.
2
McCulloch, J. & Tweedale, G. (2008),
Defending the Indefensible: The Global Asbestos Industry and
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