61
Cappelletto & Merler, Op Cit. p. 1050.
62
Layman (1994), Op Cit. p. 311.
28
Figure 1: A map of Western Australia. Wittenoom is located on the edge of
the Karijini National Park in the Hamersley Ranges. Retrieved from
www.ozhorizons.com.au/wa/map.htm
29
Figure 2: A view of remaining houses in Wittenoom 2010.
Figure 3: The Pilbara landscape 2010.
30
Figure 4: The Wittenoom Gem Store 2010.
Figure 5: Wittenoom Gorge. Photo courtesy Venera Uculano.
31
Figure 6: View of the Hamersley Ranges from Wittenoom 2010.
Figure 7: Mulla Mulla wild flowers in the Pilbara 2010.
32
The Wittenoom Operation, the Personnel and Industrial Process
To address its lack of mining expertise CSR established contacts with international asbestos
mining and manufacturing companies — Johns-Manville Corporation in the U.S. and Turner
& Newall in England. Various international executives also visited Wittenoom from time to
time. In turn, CSR executives undertook overseas trips to recruit experienced mining
engineers and to view techniques in asbestos mines and factories.
63
The company
maintained an extensive Scientific and Technical Library to keep abreast of matters relating
to CSR’s various divisions, including asbestos mining. CSR also sent its management to
mining and pneumoconiosis conferences. During the 1940s and 1950s, Keith Osborne
Brown, Malcolm King and Cecil Broadhurst accumulated “hands on knowledge” of the
conditions at Wittenoom, and subsequently achieved promotion to senior levels in the
company.
The climate and working conditions at Wittenoom ensured a transient workforce. In
the 1940s the company employed experienced Australian miners. These men had come to
see the beauty of the Pilbara region, but were unimpressed by the working conditions and
stayed only a few months.
64
In 1950 Displaced Persons from countries such as Hungary,
Poland and Venezia Giulia (which had ceded to the then Yugoslavia) began to arrive in
Wittenoom. They had come from crowded refugee camps in Europe and were being
resettled under the International Refugee Organization agreement.
65
They were equally
unhappy with the conditions but were forced to honour their two year contract. The need for
experienced miners prompted CSR to recruit workers in Italy and Holland.
66
In 1951 thirty-
five Italian miners had been recruited to work at Wittenoom; shocked by the working
conditions, many left as quickly as possible.
67
63
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibits no. 10147: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1943-1967 inclusive) and
no. 10241: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1 January 1943 - 30 June 1987). Motley Rice Plaintiff’s
Exhibit no. 10166: Letter, from C.W.R. Powell, CEO of ABA Ltd, to the President of Johns-Manville,
Mr. Crosby, 4 August 1944. 1944 saw the start of the business relationship between CSR/ABA and
Johns-Manville develop, with correspondence indicating Johns-Manville interest in Australian blue
asbestos.
64
Williams, Op Cit.
65
Gentilli, Stransky & Iraci, Op Cit. p. 98.
66
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 1.
67
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s exhibits no. 10147: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1943-1967 inclusive).
See entry for 14 March 1951.
33
In its continued attempts to find workers CSR, through its subsidiary and the operator
of the mine, ABA Limited, maintained regular communication with the Department of
Immigration regarding Landing Permits for their Northern and Southern European recruits.
68
ABA Limited also went to the port of Fremantle to recruit migrants as they stepped off the
ships.
69
News of the high earnings at Wittenoom spread by word of mouth, attracting those
desperate for work. Once in Wittenoom, however, few stayed for an extended period unless
they had a specific economic goal; enjoyed the freer lifestyle or had family in tow, as was the
case with many Italian miners. Those who had brought their family were forced to remain
longer than planned. Saving in order to repay debts made to bring the whole family to
Wittenoom coupled with the high cost of living in the town made it more difficult than families
had realized to save for a home, farm, business or repatriation to their homeland. Most,
however, failed to tolerate the heat, the accommodation, the extreme dust created in the
milling process or the crammed working conditions in the mine for more than a few months.
The company did little to improve working conditions unless it led to improved productivity.
A.B.A Limited faced problems with dust control, ventilation, fibre purity, and an
abrasive host rock which made equipment maintenance costly.
70
Improvements aimed at
increasing production were also costly and only introduced when orders from the larger
overseas corporations, such as Johns-Manville in the U.S., were assured.
71
Production
output increased gradually. In 1945 the target was 1,000 tons; by 1953 it had reached 4,000,
peaking at 15,000 tons in 1962. Competitiveness with overseas mines, such as the South
African blue asbestos mines would, however, pose a problem. Consequently CSR lobbied
both State and Commonwealth governments for provision of subsidies, tax exemptions and
in 1955 unsuccessfully applied to the Tariff Board for the introduction of tariffs on imported
68
National Archives of Australia, Perth, Series number: PP6/1, Control Symbol 1950/H/7308, barcode
328406. Commonwealth Immigration Department – Western Australia. This file contains examples of
correspondence between ABA Ltd and the Department of Immigration regarding pending worker
arrivals and the cancellation of applications for the non-arrivals. It reveals ABA Ltd’s efforts in the
1950s to secure workers for their mine.
69
Interview with Marcus Cocker, Melbourne, March 2008. Volunteer, Asbestos Diseases Society of
Australia, Perth. Interview with Dr McNulty, Perth, November 2008.
70
Musk et al. (1992), Op Cit. p. 737.
71
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10147: Extracts from CSR Board Minutes (1943-67 inclusive)
concerning the Wittenoom Asbestos Venture. See entries for August 1946, July 1950, September
1951, January 1952 and July 1958.
34
asbestos.
72
Despite the parent company’s overseeing the development of the mine by the
use of share issues in ABA Limited to raise funds, the substantial investment in plant
machinery and finally in the late 1950s the move to the Colonial mine and the construction of
a new mill to increase production, CSR reported making a profit in only one year.
73
CSR had built Wittenoom’s original mill with second-hand materials. The mill building
had come from the Youanmi Gold Mine in the Midwest of Western Australia; the powerhouse
was obtained from Whim Creek (located between Karratha and Port Hedland) and the
crusher had come from Jaques, a Melbourne firm.
74
In the Hamersley Ranges, asbestos
occurs in horizontal veins averaging half an inch [1.27 centimetres] in width, but can measure
as much two inches [five centimetres], with several veins occurring over a total seam height
of two feet [.6 of a metre]. The economic mining of such a narrow seam in extremely hard
rock became the challenge. To develop a mining technique suitable to the Wittenoom
conditions, CSR adapted the various methods the company’s officers viewed during their
visits to Canadian silver-lead mines, Rhodesian asbestos mines, South African diamond
mines and an iron mine in Alabama, USA.
75
The milling process was never refined; it
remained a dry mechanical process of crushing, grinding, and aspirating. Dust containment
would always be an issue because the asbestos fibre was contained in a hard host rock
which required crushing, creating clouds of dust.
In an effort to address the dust problem the company installed Rotoclone dust
collecting units in its new Colonial mill. The dust problem would, however, remain
unresolved. The dust units were made from tough manganese steel, but the hard and
abrasive rock in which the fibre was found wore down the plant machinery after only 64
operating hours (8 shifts). The exhaust ducts required constant repairs because they wore
72
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10147: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1943-1967 inclusive) and
Plaintiff’s Exhibit no.10241: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1 January 1943 - 30 June 1987). Motley
Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10144: Tariff Board’s Report on Asbestos Fibre, 24 March 1955.
73
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no.10147.00: Extracts from CSR Board Minutes (1943-67 inclusive)
concerning the Wittenoom Asbestos Venture. A profit of £31,941 was made before tax. See entry for
17 August 1949. In November 1952 the CSR Board decided that ABA Ltd should increase its paid up
capital to CSR for the amount of advances made by way of loans and current account, and to take
over the asbestos leases owned by CSR.
74
McCulloch (1986), Op Cit. p. 75.
75
Lowndes, Op Cit. p. 215.
35
down even more quickly, sending clouds of dust into the mill.
76
In the bagging section the
pressing down of the fibre into secondhand jute sugar bags also created clouds of dust.
77
Workers covered in the dust became unrecognizable.
78
A wet method of dust control was
tried, but it damaged the fibre by reducing its length; one of the fibre’s qualities which
appealed to manufacturers. This method was consequently discontinued.
79
Dust suppression
was raised regularly by the Department of Health and in the Mines Inspectors’ reports, but
CSR was slow to respond or otherwise questioned the Inspectors’ recommendations.
Increased production took precedence over safety.
In 1958, in an attempt to raise the fibre output to 25,000 tons per annum by 1959,
CSR had opened its new mill at Colonial Gorge, at a cost of £350,000 [$700,000]. The
company had transferred its mining operations there, with the depletion of the Wittenoom
fibre.
80
The new mill operated under the direction of six A.B.A staff and a labour force of 68
men. By 1963 60 per cent were Italian; 25 per cent were Australian; and 15 per cent came
from other nationalities.
81
The mill operated six days a week, with one day off for plant
maintenance. It was built on three separate levels. The primary level contained the picking
belt where a team of six men hand-sorted the material. The ore then moved to the crusher
where fibre separation commenced. The main process of dividing the fibre took place at the
third and lowest level. The crushing section worked two shifts per day, crushing sufficient ore
for the treatment section to conduct three shifts.
82
Once extracted the asbestos was packed
into 100 pound bags in grades according to its length. It was then transported to Roebourne
for shipping to Fremantle, where the bags were stored awaiting shipment.
83
At the time of
76
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 8.
77
McCulloch (1986), Op Cit. p. 77.
78
Interview with Arturo Della Maddalena, Perth, December 2008.
79
McCulloch (1986), Op Cit. p. 78.
80
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no.10147: Extracts from CSR Board Minutes (1943-67 inclusive)
concerning the Wittenoom Asbestos Venture. See entry for January 1957.
81
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 8.
82
Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd. (c. 1953). Report of Operations at Wittenoom Gorge W.A., p. 8.
Battye Library, File no. PR 7591.
83
Australian Blue Asbestos Limited (c.1953), Op Cit. p. 9.
36
Wittenoom’s closure, along with local buyers, CSR had established markets in New Zealand,
Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North and South America and Asia.
84
The mine, located above the mill, consisted of four elevations. There was the main
entrance (or adit) to access the workings, to transport broken ore and waste rock and for all
services to the various sections of the mine. It was driven a total length of 3,000 feet (914
metres). Then there were the haulage levels whose primary function was for access and to
transport broken ore from the stopes (working places). These were divided into the lower and
upper seam stopes. Broken ore was hand shoveled (mucked) and then hauled by the
scraper units to the ore chute. From there the ore was dumped into 100 cubic feet (30.5
cubic metres) dumping cars and hauled by locomotive to the ore transfer. The mine operated
under the direction of 14 ABA staff and a labour force comprising 113 men.
85
Shifts in the
mine were day and afternoon.
The mine too had its own set of problems regarding ventilation and working
conditions. The eight hour shift spent bent over or on your knees in the 42 inch (70
centimetres) stope height was back breaking work. Miners regularly sustained deep gnashes
to their backs as they brushed against the rocky roofline. Ventilation would always be a
problem because of reliance on the main entrance to provide it. The use of fans to
supplement the limited ventilation proved ineffectual. Less dust was created in the mine,
provided the men watered down the stope face before drilling. Nevertheless they were still
exposed to large quantities because the mill dust was sucked back into the mine via its main
entrance.
The occupational health and safety of employees was not a priority at Wittenoom, just
as it had not been in the asbestos mines and factories of South Africa and Canada.
84
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10205: Correspondence from C. H. Broadhurst Pro General
Manager to Manager ABA Perth, 1 December 1966. Re: The companies which have been advised of
the closure. They were local: NSW, Tasmania, Western Australia, Sydney, Melbourne and overseas:
Belgium, Burma, Ceylon, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iraq, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Manila, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Singapore,
Switzerland, Thailand, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Yugoslavia.
85
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 7.
37
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