Self-understanding

(일치성)Congruence= State of harmony that exists when there is no discrepancy between the person’s experiencing and his or her self-concept. A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever, does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. The development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence.
(무조건적인 긍정적 존중) unconditional positive regard= A total caring or prizing of the person for what he or she is, without any reservations or conditions of worth; in therapy, the therapist’s complete acceptance of the client’s expression of negative as well as positive feelings. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood.
(조건적인 긍정적 존중) conditional positive regard= Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise, and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child.

Rollo May
실존주의(existentialism)= Existentialism has its roots in the 19th-century writings of Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. In his attempts to understand human functioning, Kierkegaard rejected Hegel’s monumental effort to comprehend reality by identifying it with abstract thought and logic. Kierkegaard, and later Friedrich Nietzsche, sought to correct the one-sidedness of Hegel’s arguments by starting with the basic realities of people’s existence, or Dasein. Thus, existentialism is concerned with ontology, or the study of the nature of being. But what precisely did May mean by the term being? First, May said that existentialists’ use of this term is unfortunate, because it connotes a substance that is static and unchanging; he preferred the term becoming.
실존-분석적(existential-analytic= To better understand May’s existential-analytic perspective, which is an integration of the Freudian and existentialist positions, let us look at some of the similarities and differences between these two approaches to the study of human behavior.
학습이론
B.F.Skinner