Self-understanding

Raymond Cattell
Beyondism: a new morality based on scientific research
R technique(R 기법)= It usually involves giving large groups of study participants a variety of personality tests and then intercorrelating their scores. The investigator starts with a large number of surface variables (surface traits 표면 특질) and seeks to reduce them to a few common source factors (source traits 근원 특질) that can be used to predict the variation in the original surface-variable measures. Surface traits are “simply a collection of trait elements, of greater or lesser width of representation which obviously ‘go together’ in many different individuals and circumstances.” When intercorrelated, these variables cluster together to form surface traits. Asource trait, in contrast, is the underlying factor that controls the variation in the surface cluster.
P technique(P 기법)= technique is designed to discover the unique trait structure of a single individual. It involves testing the individual repeatedly over a period of time on a number of personality traits.
The econetic model= it postulates that human behavior is the result of a complex and subtle interp;ay betwen traits and situations.
Dynamic lattice (역동적 격자도식)= dynamic traits are organized in complex ways within the cognitive and motivational structure of the organism and form a dynamic lattice. Attitudes, preferences for behaving in certain ways in specific situations, are interrelated within a dynamic lattice.
Cattell proposed two kinds of dynamic, motivating traits. The word erg was used to denote the concept of instinct or drive. Cattell identified 11 ergs, which are anger, appeal, curiosity, disgust, gregariousness, hunger, protection, security, self-assertion, self-submission, and sex.
16 PF (personality factor) = The 16 PF test has been used to good advantage by counselors to identify specific areas of conflict within marriages, based on the personality characteristics of the partners. It is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research. It is used for career counseling in education and vocational guidance. In business, it is used in personnel selection, especially for choosing managers. It is also used in clinical diagnosis and to plan therapy by assessing anxiety, adjustment, and behavioral problems.

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