|
Pn
Pn+a
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669
by artificial means TFa.
In can be the object of transportation and change (processing), performed
naturally - TPn and CHn, respectively. In this case, transportation by natural means is
the movement in the space of the information carrier. Of course, artificial vehicles can
also be used, but this is not significant.
Ia can be the object of transportation and changes performed by artificial means -
TPa and CHa, respectively, as well as by natural transportation - TPn. In this case, a
type of transportation performed by artificial means is the movement of information
content along the media.
Until now, we have viewed information as something external to a living being.
And what is happening inside it? The fig. 4 shows a living being that simultaneously
combines the roles of donor and recipient of information (D/R).
Fig. 4. Information and Exformation
The activity of the creature, carried out by its organs of action, is accompanied by
the emergence of changes in both external and internal realities. Part of this activity is
the activity of the donor of information and is aimed at generating In, the carriers of
which can be both the creature itself and objects in external reality. Also in external
D / R
Exformation
Generation of In
Generation of Ia
Information
In
Ia
Perception
Actions
Reaction
In
Internal
Realty
External
Realty
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reality In and/or Ia can be generated by artificial means.
In sum, the activity of generating In and/or Ia determines the possibility of the
appearance in reality of the informational component (information).
Throughout its existence, the creature is the recipient of influence from both
external and internal realities. Part of this effect falls on the organs of perception. At
any given time, the recipient’s perceptual field may or may not touch what we call here
information. According to this, information may or may not enter the internal reality.
Based on this fact, we cannot call information everything that enters the internal reality
through perception. Thus, the output of perceptual activity should be called by another
term. For this purpose, for example, the word “exformation” (“extract” of the reality
“formed” in some way) can be used.
In the process of reaction (see above), the informational part of exformation is
subject to recognition and special processing.
Thus, our information (a “common kind of information”) is reflective or/and
significative content formed by the state of material objects (in statics or dynamics) -
information carriers [3], about which several remarks can be made.
Information is called upon to meet in a special way the needs of living beings,
mainly subjective needs. The range of types of these needs is the widest in humans, for
example:
the need for communication, which is satisfied by the use of a whole arsenal of
various means - from speech to writing;
the need to fix reality, which is satisfied by the use of various methods and
means - from writing to technical devices capable of capturing and storing reflections
of reality;
the need for the manifestation of the implicit, which is satisfied by a variety of
technical devices, sensitive to physical characteristics that people are unable to feel;
the need to objectify knowledge, which is satisfied by the use of various
metrics;
the need to rely on the case, which is satisfied by the use of devices that simulate
SCIENCE AND PRACTICE: IMPLEMENTATION TO MODERN SOCIETY
671
the case, and so on.
It is important to distinguish information from knowledge. If the process of
functioning of knowledge of a living being is purely internal to it, information
processes are essentially external to their participants, such that they require the use of
material intermediaries - information carriers. This, of course, does not mean that
knowledge cannot be partially represented by information.
Information in the general case does not “remove uncertainty”. To “remove the
uncertainty”, we must first have it. This uncertainty, if any, does not exist in terms of
information, but in terms of knowledge.
Information by its nature is not a quantitative entity. Its quantification becomes
possible only with the establishment of certain agreements, which, in fact, actually
happened with the introduction of the "bit", but, in principle, allows options.
Information is a conscious phenomenon; it cannot be generated (by information
donor) - or perceived (by information recipient) unconsciously.
Information is a subjective phenomenon: what is indisputable information for its
donor may either not be information for its accidental potential recipient, or may not
be perceived by the latter as expected by the donor.
Information is not something eternally existing in Nature – it under certain
conditions arises, satisfies (or does not) certain needs of living beings and under certain
conditions disappears, so the concept of “life cycle” could and should be applied to its
existence.
What is the meaning of Brillouin's word “information”? The idea of the “precise,
scientific definition” of this word is as follows [1]:
“Let us consider a situation in which P
0
different things might happen, and all
these possible outcomes are supposed to have equal probability a priori. This is the
initial condition, in which we have no special information about the general problem
(I
0
= 0). But circumstances may arise in which we have some more precise definitions
or measurements about a similar problem, and thus obtain a smaller number P
1
of
equally probable outcomes. We state that the information, I
1
, in this problem, can be
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672
defined by a formula
I
1
= K ln ( P
0
/P
1
) = K ln P
0
- K ln P
1
where K is a constant, depending upon the unit system selected, and ln means the
natural logarithm to the base e”.
It is easy to see that the focus here is the quantitative assessment of knowledge -
knowledge before the experiment ( a priori knowledge) and knowledge after the
experiment ( a posteriori knowledge), as well as quantitative assessment of the
difference between them.
Note. In fact, this is the same “information” as is referred to in [4].
So, on the one hand, in the “common kind of information” we have a phenomenon
whose scale of manifestation and importance for human civilization are difficult to
overestimate. This phenomenon has a name rooted in the ages. Systematic
consideration of the nature of this phenomenon leads to the establishment of a certain
limits that bound the phenomenon as such and, accordingly, the scope of its name.
On the other hand, we are faced with an attempt, unfortunately, not alone, to
borrow a name to denote an entity that is beyond the specified limits.
Recognition of the limits of the phenomenon will cause the need to abandon some
stereotypes of speech and thinking. Failure to recognize these limits will keep the term
“information” in the state of uncertainty.
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