SaqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro Sida qarTlis saero universiteti ciuri nozaZe, zurab TeTruaSvili, soso nozaZe kompiuteruli qselebi interneti kompiuteruli usafrTxoeba Tbilisi

eleqtronuli fostis usafrTxoeba.

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, eleqtronul fostas-Tan muSaobisas arsebobs Semdegi saxis saSiSroebebi:

• 
  konfidencialuri informaciis gaJonva;
  
• 
  momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma;
  
• 
  kompiuteruli virusiT dazianeba;
  
• 
  kompiuterSi aqtiuri Semadgenlobis SeRweva.
  

konfidencialuri informaciis gaJonvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT safosto gacvlebisas iyeneben simetriuli da arasimetriuli kriptografiis meTodebs. simetriuli kriptografis dros orive mxare iyenebs daSifvrisa da gaSifvris erTnair programul uzrunvelyofas. arCeuli gasaRebiT (paroli) Setyobinebis daSifvrisas gamgzavni atyobinebs adresats gasaRebs kavSiris alternatiuli saSualebebis, magaliTad telefonis gamoyenebiT. arasimet-riuli daSifvris dros Setyobinebas gamgzavni daSifravs mimRebis serTipikatis daxmarebiT (Ria gasaRebi). Tanamed-rove safosto klientebis umravlesoba avtomaturad asru-lebs am operaciebs, rogorc gamgzavnisaTvis, ise adre-satisaTvis SeumCnevlad.

`momsaxurebaze uaris Tqmad~ wodebuli saSiSroeba dakavSirebulia adresatis safosto serverebis wyobile-bidan mizanmimarTul gamosvlasTan, magaliTad Setyobinebe-biT fostis gadavsebasTan. sawinaaRmdego zomad iyeneben jer erTi, iseT safosto klientebs, romelTac SeuZliaT serverze miRebuli Setyobinebis gaanalizeba momxmareblis kompiuterSi CatvirTvamde da meore, `safosto yuTis~ gadavsebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiro ar aris sakuTari eleqtronuli fostis misamarTis farTod afiSireba. Tu ki aucilebelia misamarTis gamoqveyneba, Web-Mail-is erTerT ufaso samsaxurSi xsnian saaRricxvo Canawers da droebiT mas iyeneben. sakuTari misamarTis qselSi gagzavnisas saWiroa imis mxedvelobaSi miReba, rom arseboben avtoma-turi programuli saSualebebi romelTac SeuZliaT nebis-mieri tipis failis daTvaliereba maTSi E-Mail-is misamar-Tebis moZebnis mizniT. Cveulebriv es saSualebebi doku-mentSi eZeben `@~ simbolos, amitom mas cvlian raime sxva simboloTi, romelic gasagebia adamianisaTvis, magram ara programisaTvis, magaliTad ase:

[e-mail]-is nacvlad iyeneben: myname#absd.com ufro saimedoa meTodi, roca adresatis saxelis nacvlad gamoi-yeneba standartuli Sabloni, magaliTad NOSPAM, nacvlad: [e-mail] iyeneben: nospammyname#absd.com imas rom TavsarTi `nospam~ unda Camocildes, momxmarebeli Tavad unda mixvdes.

eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia rogorc `klasikuri~ kompiuteruli ise specialuri `safos-to~ virusebis miReba. klasikuri virusebi vrceldeba Ses-rulebadi failebis (programebi) saxiT, romlebic Calage-bulia eleqtronuli fostis SetyobinebaSi. aseTi meTodiT SeiZleba daziandes nebismieri kompiuteruli sistema, gamo-yenebuli safosto klientisagan damoukideblad. eleqtro-nuli fostis SetyobinebebTan erTad miRebuli yvela Ses-rulebadi faili potenciurad saSiSia, maSinac ki, Tu isini miRebulia nacnobebisagan. saWiroa gvaxsovdes, rom eleqt-ronuli fosta arasasurveli saSualebaa programebis gacv-lisaTvis. Tu aucilebelia vinmesTan sasargeblo programis gaziareba, saWiroa ara TviT programis gagzavna, aramed cnobebis miwodeba imis Sesaxebm Tu sad SeiZleba misi mopoveba. SedarebiT sasargeblo da Semowmebuli samsaxureb-rivi programebi qselSi unda iyos gamoqveynebuli. am SemTxvevaSi werilis teqstSi sakmarisia moyvanili iqnas misi URL-misamari

`safosto virusebis~ muSaobis meqanizmi emyareba calkeul safosto programebSi arsebuli "sisusteebis" ga-moyenebas. SedarebiT xSirad virusul Tavdasxmas ganicdian standartuli programuli uzrunvelyofis momxmareblebi, kerZod programisa Outlook Exproler. `safosto virusis~ amoqmedebisaTvis arcaa saWiro im failis Sesruleba, rome-lic safosto Calagebis saxiTaa miRebuli, sakmarisia misi mxolod gaxsna. swored amitom, eleqtronuli fostis eTikis ganxilvisas aRniSnuli iyo, rom araa rekomendi-rebuli safosto Calagebebis gagzavna mimRebis winaswar gafrTxilebis gareSe, xolo Calagebuli failebis mqone Setyobinebebis moulodneli miRebisas saWiroa misi ganadgu-reba daTvalierebis gareSe.

Tavi 4. kompiuteruli usafrTxoeba

1. kompiuteruli usafrTxoebis cneba.

usafrTxoebis cneba gamoTvliT teqnikaSi gulisx-mobs kompiuteris saimedo muSaobas, mniSvnelovani monacemebis saimedo Senaxvas, uflebis ar mqone pirebis mier cvlilebebis Setanisagan informaciis dacvas, eleqtronuli kavSiriT mimoweris saidumloebis dacvas da sxva. ra Tqma unda, yovel civilizebul qveyanaSi moqalaqeebis usafrTxo-ebas kanoni icavs, magram gamoTvliTi teqnikis sferoSi sakanonmdeblo praqtika sustadaa ganviTarebuli, xolo kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesi ver uswrebs teqnologiebis ganviTarebas, amitom kompiuteruli sistemebis muSaobis saimedoba ZiriTadad TviTdacvis zomebzea damyarebuli. kompiuterisaTvis mTavar safrTxes e.w. programa-virusebi warmoadgenen.

kompiuteruli virusebi.

kompiuteruli virusi aris sxva programaSi an dokumentSi, an monacemebis matareblebis gansazRvrul areebSi CarTuli programuli kodi, romelic asrulebs arasanqcirebul moqmedebebs mis matarebel kompiuterze.

kompiuteruli virusebebis ZiriTad tipebs warmoadgenen:

• 
  programuli virusebi;
  
• 
  CamtvirTavi virusebi;
  
• 
  makrovirusebi.
  

programuli virusebi.

programuli virusebi aris gamoyenebiT programebSi miznobrivad Canergili programuli kodis blokebi. daviru-sebuli programebis amuSavebisas xdeba masSi Cadebuli virusuli kodis amuSaveba. am kodis muSaoba iwvevs momx-mareblisagan SeumCnevel cvlilebebs xisti diskebis fai-lebis sistemaSi an/da sxva programebis SinaarsSi. maga-liTad, virusul kods SeuZlia sxva programebis `sxeulSi~ TviTwarmoqmna. am process gamravlebas uwodeben. garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, Seqmnis ra sakmarisi raodenobis asls, programuli virusi gadadis damangrevel moqmedebaze: programisa da operaciuli sistemis muSaobis darRvevaze, xist diskze Senaxuli informaciis ganadgurebaze da sxva. am process virusul Setevas uwodeben.

yvelaze damangrevel virusebs SeuZliaT gamoiwvion xisti diskis gadaformateba. vinaidan diskis gadaformateba sakmarisad xangrZlivi procesia, romelic ver Sesruldeba momxmareblis SeumCnevlad, amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi, progra-muli virusebi xisti diskis sistemur seqtorebSi monacemebis ganadgurebiT Semoifarglebian, rac failebis sistemis dakargvis tolfasia. aseT SemTxvevaSi xisti diskis monacemebi xeluxlebelia, magram maTi gamoyeneba specia-luri saSualebebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ucnobia diskis romeli seqtori romel fails ekuTvnis. monacemebis aRdgena am SemTxvevaSi Teoriulad SesaZlebelia, magram am samuSaoebis Sromatevadoba Zalze maRalia.

iTvleba, rom arc erT viruss ar SeuZlia mwyobridan gamoiyvanos kompiuteris aparatuli saSualebebi. magram, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac kompiuteris aparatuli da programuli uzrunvelyofa imdenadaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom programuli dazianebis aRmofxvra mxolod aparatuli saSualebebis SecvliT xerxdeba. ase magaliTad, umravles Tanamedrove deda plataSi Setana-gamotanis sabazo sistema (BIOS) inaxeba mudmiv mexsierebis mowyobilobaSi (e.w. fleS-mexsiereba). zogierTi programuli virusebi BIOS-is monacemebis gasanadgureblad iyeneben swo-rad fleS-mexsierebis mikrosqemaSi informaciis gadaweris SesaZleblobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi kompiuteris muSaobis unarianobis aRsadgenad saWiroa an im mikrosqemebis Secvla, romelSic Senaxu­lia BIOS, an misi gadaprogrameba spe-cialuri programuli saSualebebiT.

programuli virusebi kompiuterSi vrceldebian Seumowmebeli gare matareblebis gamoyenebiT (disketebi, kompaqtdiskebi da a.S) an internetidan miRebuli progra-mebis gaSvebiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces sityvas `gaSvebiT~, Cveulebrivad davirusebuli failebis aslis gakeTebisas kompiuteri ar SeiZleba davirusdes. amitom, internetiT miRebuli yvela faili unda Semowmdes usafrTxoebaze, xolo Tu miRebulia mouTxovneli mona-cemebi ucnobi wyarodan, igi unda ganadgurdes dauTvali-ereblad. virusuli programebis gavrcelebis Cveulebrivi xerxia eleqtronuli werili `rekomendaciiT~ amoviRoT da gavuSvaT TiTqosda sasargeblo programa.

CamtvirTavi virusebi.

CamtvirTavi virusebi programuli virusebisagan gavrcelebis meTodiT gansxvavdebian. isini azianeben ara programul failebs, aramed, diskuri mexsierebis gansazRv-rul sistemur areebs. amas garda CarTul kompiuterSi maT SeuZliaT droebiT ganTavsdnen operatiul mexsierebaSic.

Cveulebrivad daviruseba xdeba kompiuteris CatvirTvis mcdelobisas iseTi diskuri matareblebidan, romlis sistemuri are Seicavs CamtvirTav viruss. maga-liTad, kompiuteris moqnili magnituri diskidan CatvirT-visas, Tavda­pirvelad virusi SeaRwevs operatiul mexsiere-baSi, xolo Semdeg xisti diskis CamtvirTav seqtorSi. SemdegSi, es kompiuteri Tavad xdeba virusis gavrcelebis wyaro.

makrovirusebi.

es virusebis gansakuTrebuli kategoriaa, romlebic azianeben iseT dokumentebs, romlebic Sesrulebulia im programebSi romlebsac aqvT, egreTwodebuli, makrobrZane-bebis Sesrulebis saSualebebi. kerZod, aseT dokumentebs miekuTvnebian teqsturi procesoris Microsoft Word dokumen-tebi (maT .doc gafarToeba aqvT). daviruseba xdeba dokumentis gaxsnisas programis fanjaraSi Tu ki masSi gamorTuli ar aris makrobrZanebebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. ise, ro-gorc sxva tipis virusebis, am virusis Semotevis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos rogorc SedarebiT uwyinari aseve damangre-velic.

2.