31. Ibid., 131. See also my discussion o f de Man in Chapter 3 above.
15б
C O N C E P T S
when Nietzsche claims that truth is but a moving army o f metaphors and
metonymies whose metaphoricity has been forgotten, he can only do this
in statements that seem to claim to be true. More generally, the claim that
declarations are acts o f language that suppose and impose the categories
rather than refer to what exists independently o f language cannot avoid re
course to a language o f declaration. “The deconstruction,” writes de Man,
“states the fallacy o f reference in a necessarily referential mode.”^^ The ar
gument that the language o f philosophical constatation is in fact perfor
mative takes the form of constative statements. For de Man, then, there is
no question o f celebrating performativity in general or the performativity
o f literature in particular. All one can say is that literature is perhaps more
likely than philosophy to be alert to the undecidable relation between per
formative and constative that both subtends and undermines philosophi
cal statement.
For de Man the structural tension between performative and con
stative is also adduced, as I explained in Chapters 3 and 4, to describe and
account for the problematic relationship between the generality o f law,
system, grammar, and its particularity o f application, event, or reference.
Citing “an unavoidable estrangement between political rights and laws on
the one hand, and political action and history on the other,” de Man writes
that “the grounds for this alienation are best understood in terms o f the
rhetorical structure that separates the one domain from the other.
The
rhetorical structure to which de Man refers is the discrepancy between lan
guage conceived as grammar and language as reference or intentional ac
tion, which is best elucidated as the structural tension between performa
tive and constative. As we saw, the ineluctability and indeterminacy o f this
structural relationship is what de Man calls “text,” what he sees as determi
native o f history, with the violence o f its positings. Although he does not
stress, as Derrida is led to, the possibilities o f inauguration and invention,
he too links the possibility o f the event to the positings o f the performa
tive, but he stresses the unintelligibility o f the aporetic structure more than
the potentially affirmative character o f imposition.
In the next moment o f the history o f the performative there is a sin
gular turn in its fortunes, with the emergence in feminist theory and in
32. De Man, Allegories o f Reading, 205.
33. Ibid., 266.
gay and lesbian studies o f a “performative theory o f gender and sexuality”
in immensely influential books o f the philosopher Judith Butler: Gender
Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion o f Identity and Bodies That Matter:
On the Discursive Limits o f “Sex. ”
Concerned with how best to “trouble the gender categories that sup
port gender hierarchy and compulsory heterosexuality,” Gender Trouble
takes issue with the notion that a feminist politics requires a notion o f
feminine identity, o f essential features that women share as women and
that give them common interests and goals.^"* For Butler, on the contrary,
the fundamental categories o f identity are cultural and social productions,
more likely to be the result o f political cooperation than its condition o f
possibility— more performative effect than constative truth. Gender Trou
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: