38. Butler, “Critically Queer,” 23.
ality in which the compulsory character of certain social imperatives be
takes care not to answer this question directly, but it is the notion of the
citation o f norms, crucial to Derridas account o f the performative, that
The utterance “It’s a girl!” or “It’s a boy!” by which a baby is, in English,
welcomed into the world, is for Butler less a constative utterance (true or
false, according to the situation) than the first in a long series o f performa
o f the girl, she writes, “initiates the process by which a certain ‘girling’ is
thoritative speech: the utterances o f judges, umpires, and others who de
clare what is what; “Performative acts are forms o f authoritative speech:
most performatives, for instance, are statements which, in the uttering, also
perform a certain action and exercise binding power. Implicated in a net
speaker— ^judge, umpire, or other authority. But Butler insists, rightly I
plication o f rules, that the authority o f a mode o f speaking is generated.
a condition o f possibility o f successful speech acts, he does not reflect on
the role o f speech acts or their citationality in supporting or creating such
who is most likely some fool quite unknown to the victim, but from the
fact that the shout “ Queer!” repeats shouted insults o f the past, interpella
i 6 o
C O N C E P T S
ated shaming or abjection and whose citationality lends some authority to
the wielder o f insults. “ ‘Queer!’ derives its force precisely through the re
peated invocation by which a social bond among homophobic communi
ties is formed through time. The interpellation echoes past interpellations,
and binds the speakers, as if they spoke in unison across time. In this sense
it is always an imaginary chorus that taunts ‘queer!’ ” {Bodies, 227). Not the
repetition itself but the fact that it is recognized as conforming to a model,
a norm, linked with a history o f exclusion, is what gives the insult its per
formative force. Conventional insults such as “ Fag!” or “Nigger!” accumu
late, Buder writes, “the force o f authority through the repetition or citation
o f a prior, authoritative set o f practices,” speaking as if with the voice o f all
the taunts o f the past {Bodies, 227).“*°
Eve Sedgwick, in an article entitled “ Queer Performativity,” notes
the centrality o f the marriage performative in Austin and suggests that a
productive shift might occur if one took as key examples not the explicit,
public, or state-sanctioned production o f heterosexual identity in the per
formatives o f the marriage ceremony but rather the innumerable minor
performative acts that shape subjects against their will, o f which the mod
el might be the familiar exclamation, “Shame on you!”'^' This utterance is
an act by which the parent or teacher performatively confers shame, cre
ating the situation to which the utterance refers, installing the child in an
identity constituted in relation to the social norms that are supposedly be
ing violated. Unlike Austin’s first-person indicative performatives, which
are deliberate acts o f a speaker who promises, marries, orders, or judges,
“Shame on you!” is a performative that conceals the actor or agent who
confers shame on the child, and in this it is related to insults like “Queer!”
It draws its force from the repeated echo o f norms.
It is this historical dimension o f performatives that implies the pos
sibility o f deflecting or redirecting the weight o f the past, by attempting to
capture and redeploy the terms that bear an oppressive signification, as in
the adoption o f “ Queer” by homosexuals themselves, or in the theatrical
citation o f norms o f femininity in drag performances. Butler insists that
you do not become autonomous by choosing your name, for names always
40. For further discussion of the problem of hate speech as action see But
ler’s Excitable Speech: A Politics o f the Performative (New York: Roudedge, 1997).
41. Eve Sedgwick, “Queer Performativity,” GZQ i, no. i (1993):
4
-
carry historical weight and are subject to the uses others will make o f them
in the future: you cannot control the terms that you choose to name your
selves. But the historical character o f the performative process creates the
possibility o f a political struggle.
Now it is obvious that the distance between the beginning and the
(provisional) end o f this story so far— between Austin and Buder— is very
great. It is not, I should emphasize, a difference between philosophy and
literary studies, for Butler herself is a philosopher, even though her books
do contain occasional readings o f literary works, which may contribute to
the breadth o f her claims."*^ But her polysyllabic prose seems more philo
sophical, less literary than the extremely playful writing o f Austin— who
paradoxically sets aside the literary and the nonserious.
There is, first, a difference between what is at stake for Austin and for
Butler. For Austin the concept o f the performative, by helping us to think
about an aspect o f language neglected by prior philosophers, starts a pro
cess o f rethinking what language is and how it should be studied; for But
ler it is a model for thinking about crucial social processes where a number
o f matters are at stake: (i) the nature o f identity and how it is produced,
(2) the functioning o f social norms, (3) the fundamental problem o f what
today we call “agency” in English: how far and under what conditions can
I be a responsible subject who chooses my acts, and (4) the relationship be
tween the individual and social change.
There is also a difference in the conception o f the performative itself.
One might ask what it would mean for Butler’s performatives to be felici
tous or infelicitous. Obviously, she does not take as the goal o f her perfor
matives a happy, successful performing o f femininity, in acts that fulfill all
the conditions o f this social idea. If hers is a theory that locates success in
the perturbation o f gender norms, that seems a different conception of the
performative. Indeed, here is where we can see a fundamental difference
inaugurated by Derrida. Whereas Austin is interested in cases of misfire
and failure as ways o f identifying what are the rules or the socially accept
ed procedures for the performance o f certain speech acts, he shows no ex-
42.
See readings of Willa Gather and Nella Larsen in
Bodies That Matter
and also, especially, Antigone’s Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2000), discussed briefly in Chapter i above.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: