George Wolf (Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1997), 51-52.
ic) and the syntagmatic. The notes call the former “le trésor intérieur qui
équivaut au casier de la mémoire” [the inner wealth or treasury that is
tive, mental differences. In the linguistic system there are only differences
and no positive quantity. But these differences can operate on these two
axes: the line o f speech and that o f internal, mental comparisons, o f form
possible by associations in discourse and in the stock o f forms, and this
play is to be conceived o f as a process o f motivation, which makes it pos
sions make clear, Saussure does not assign any limits to these processes o f
thing that can resemble it].^^ We are certainly closer to the world o f Glas
the internal system o f the language, o f the ‘organic elements o f a linguis
tics system,’ when it will have been purified, stripped o f all those qualities,
o f those attributions, o f that evolution?”^^ The answer, we can now see, is
nificant aspect o f language but rather that one would deny the nature o f
mechanisms o f the linguistic system— the play o f differences, the opera-
134
C O N C E P T S
tion o f analogy, the series that generate units o f indeterminate status and,
above all, grammar as a process o f motivation— precludes a theory based
on signs purified o f motivation or a theory that does not permit a struc
tural “openness” o f this “système interne de la langue.”
Derrida had also asked,
Et si le système interne de la langue n’existe pas ou que Гоп ne s’en serve jamais
ou que du moins l’on ne s’en serve qu’en le contaminant et que cette contamina
tion soit inévitable, donc régulière et “normale,” fasse partie du système et de son
fonctionnement, en fasse partie, c’est-à-dire aussi bien fasse de lui, qui est le tout,
une partie d’un tout plus grand que lui.
And what if the internal system of a language did not exist, or that it is never used,
or at least that it is used only by contaminating it, and that this contamination is
inevitable, hence regular and “normal,” makes up a part of it, that is, also, makes
of it, which is the whole, a part of a whole that is greater than it.^®
We might now hazard an answer to this question, whose logic o f diminish
ing hyperbole (from the denial o f existence o f the system, to the denial that
one uses it, to the suggestion that one uses it only in contaminating it) has
a quite different status in our day, when the idea o f a linguistic system is
well entrenched, than it could have had for a Saussure struggling to estab
lish the idea o f language as a synchronic system rather than a history. Sau-
ssure’s discussions o f multiple languages, which occupied a much greater
place in his lectures than they do in the published Course, cite plenty of
evidence o f the indeterminacy o f a language— its boundaries, the shading
of dialects into one another and o f dialect into language— and o f the dif
ficulty o f determining what might count as the features and the structure
o f a language at any point in its history. Still, he asserts the need to take
a language or linguistic system— la langue— as the principal object o f in
vestigation, even if strictly speaking it does not exist. For Saussure, “le sys
tème interne de la langue,” however undeterminable, is still a reality for
speakers, an inexorable, unavoidable feature o f their lives and their world.
It is what they encounter, and they use it, as it uses them. Moreover, cre
ative, innovative possibilities, such as those o f analogy, especially so-called
false analogy, depend on a linguistic system— a point Saussure particularly
stresses. The contamination o f the linguistic system is indeed a feature o f
36. Ibid., 109; English 94.
its use— normal and regular, part o f the system— and it makes the system
an instance o f motivation, o f which there are other instances, such as those
put forward by Saussure’s work on anagrams. Linguistic motivation, a part
o f the system, might thus indeed be said to exceed the linguistic system,
as Derrida posits.
I f this is so, then we need to think differently about language and
not conceive o f motivation as an irrelevant accident that fortuitously be
falls a system o f arbitrary signs. Saussure would encourage us to think o f
the functioning o f this system, which is larger than what is encompassed
by the idea o f “normal” language, not in terms o f transgression and con
tamination but in terms o f different kinds o f differences and of motiva
tion, suggesting that we should attempt to theorize the different kinds o f
motivation that mobilize, that can mobilize, differences.
Saussure is attempting to theorize this object whose nature is al
ways to remain paradoxically ungraspable, undelimitable. The well-known
principle that in the linguistic system there are only differences without
positive terms is one such theoretical formulation, o f a condition that by
definition makes a language undelimitable, because differences are uncir-
cumscribable. But the separating o f langue from parole and o f synchronic
from diachronic— the asserting o f the priority o f synchronic description
wholly necessary in Saussure’s day as counterweight to the predominance
o f a historical philology that neglected to inquire about the nature of the
linguistic system itself—has led to the idea that Saussure dogmatically pos
its an idealized, self-contained linguistic system and imperiously sets aside
everything, from linguistic performance to motivation to historical evolu
tion, that is not part o f this system. But the processes o f motivation that he
identifies as the grammar o f the language (which governs combinations)
are the same as those at work in historical evolution driven by analogy, in
which elements are decomposed and recomposed. Saussure highlights the
difficulty o f separating langue from parole, synchronic from diachronic,
precisely at the point o f linguistic creativity governed by the processes o f
analogizing. It is not just that it is difficult for the analyst to delimit this
object, the language. Saussure declares that this structural indeterminacy is
a property o f the system itself: “The hesitations, the almosts, the half-anal
yses, the indecisions are a constant feature o f the results which the linguis
tic system reaches by its activity” [Les hesitations, les à-peu-près, les demi-
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