l ’arbitraire par rapport à l’idée” [a limitation o f arbitrariness in relation to
the idea], “ [i]mplicitly you will thus proceed on the best possible basis,
since the fundamental given o f the linguistic sign is arbitrariness. Thus
we are not choosing the first ground available, but taking as ground the
fundamental principle, just as the language has necessarily taken it as the
ground on which everything is to be built up.”^^ Far from excluding moti
vation from la langue, Saussure makes it the very principle o f the linguistic
system, “la meilleure base possible” for conceptualizing the systematicity
of language. The fundamental nature o f the linguistic sign is its arbitrari
ness, but the linguistic system provides motivation that makes it possible,
for instance, to infer the meaning o f words, phrases, and sentences from
the arbitrary meanings o f their parts. It is not, Saussure adds, ^2X grammar
and motivation are synonymous but “they share something o f the same
principle.” Grammar, which means “system,” is the motivation o f signs
that are at root arbitrary and thus available for motivation. The system o f
motivation is what makes it possible to understand utterances: a form one
has never heard before can be related to other forms and a meaning in
ferred only because the language is a system o f motivation.
Saussure’s discussion o f motivation adduces many lexical pairs, where
one is unmotivated and the other motivated. ''Ormeau elm,’ unmotivat
ed; poirier ‘pear tree,’ relatively motivated, refers to a coexisting term, poire
‘pear,’ and also the ending ier. It attempts to motivate itself
This last
phrase, “II essaie de se motiver,” is a striking formulation. We are inclined
to think o f it as a personification, purely figurative, as if only people, not
21. Ibid., 87.
22. Ibid.
23. Engler, Cours, 299.2.2995.
words, could try to do something; but Saussure repeatedly avers that lan
guage escapes conscious control, does things on its own, and Derrida is in
terested in how the functioning o f texts makes irrelevant or problematic
the distinction between what might be deliberately chosen and what might
not. “Language motivating itself” might well be an apposite description of
the play o f language.
The published Course pursues this problem o f poirelpoirier, noting
that sometimes, as here, the formative elements are clear, whereas “oth
ers are vague or meaningless. For instance, does the suffix -at really corre
spond to a meaningful element in French cachot ‘dungeon’?” (F 181-82; E
132). Does “dungeon” equal cache (hide) plus ot'i The Course then contin
ues with an example not attested in the notes: “On comparing words like
coutelas 'cxxû.'as,^,’ fatras ''p'Ac,'platras ‘rubbish,’ canevas ‘canvas,’ etc., one has
the vague feeling that -as is a formative element characteristic of substan
tives, without being able to define it more precisely.” The editors, who pre
viously invented the example o f glas, here produce a whole series in as. In
raising the question o f the identity of this possible formative element, -as,
the Course pursues the problem raised by Glas itself à propos o f glas’s other
formative element, gl- (glose, glaieul, glaive, glaviaux, glaireux, glouton, glu,
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |